tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33528784375897514452024-03-07T22:06:06.264-08:00Reindeer writing paperMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.comBlogger177125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-91712306485529826102020-08-24T11:26:00.001-07:002020-08-24T11:26:05.786-07:00Woodrow Wilson and the Presidency free essay sampleThe Presidency From the start of the 191 2 political decision, the individuals could detect the new thoughts of Woodrow Wilson would move them the correct way. Willows thought of New Freedom would nearly ensure his presidential triumph in 1912. As opposed to Willows New Freedom, Roosevelt New Nationalism required the proceeded with solidification of trusts and trade guilds, resembled by the development of incredible administrative offices. Roosevelt Ideas were established In the Herbert Scrolls epic, The Promise Of American Life written In 1910.Although both Wilson and Roosevelt supported an increasingly dynamic government job in monetary and parties, Willows supported little endeavor, enterprise, and the free working of unregulated and cornered markets. Clearly, from the consequences of the 1912 political decision, the individuals supported Willows New Freedom. Wilson entered office with an all the more obvious arrangement of what he needed to accomplish than some other president before him. The new president required a hard and fast attack on what Wilson called the triple mass of benefit: the levy, the banks, and the trusts. We will compose a custom article test on Woodrow Wilson and the Presidency or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In mid 1 91 3, Wilson endeavored to bring down the tariff.Wilson broke the ongoing set by Jeffery-child to send a detachment to address Congress when Wilson himself officially tended to Congress. This hugy affected Congress to pass the proposed Underworld Tariff Bill, which gave a generous decrease of rates. The new Underworld Tariff substance-count decreased Import expenses. It likewise was a milestone In charge enactment. Under power conceded by the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress ordered a graduated personal assessment. By 1917, income from personal expense was significantly more than from the tax and would proceed on this pattern for some years.Next, Woodrow Wilson was resolved to overcome the Bankers. The old financial framework had been enormously grown out of by monetary development. The countrys banking was still under the old Civil War National Banking Act which uncovered many glaring imperfections. In the Panic of 1907, numerous defects of the financial framework, Including the inelastic of the money, were overwhelmingly self-evident. Wilson was resolved to fix these issues. In June of 1913, Wilson showed up to address Congress, this time for a supplication to change the banking system.And in 1913, again speaking to people in general, Wilson marked the Federal Reserve Act, presently considered he most significant bit of CEO-anomic lawmaking body between the Civil War and the New Deal. The new Federal Reserve Board, selected by the president, managed an across the nation arrangement of twelve territorial re-served locale, each with Its own national bank. The last authority over these banks was conceded to the Federal Reserve Board, which ensured a considerable proportion of open control. The board was likewise engaged to give paper cash called Federal Reserve Notes. The measure of cash available for use could be quickly expanded varying for the real prerequisites of business. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson attempted to tame the trusts. Again making an individual AP-and influence the help towards his thoughts. Congress reacted with the Federal Trade Commits-before long Act of 1914. The new law enabled a presidential named commission to toughen guidelines on interstate trade. This should pulverize restraining infrastructures by clearing out uncalled for exchange approaches. Next came the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, which was intended to additionally choke the major monopolies.It stretched the rundown of strategic approaches regarded offensive in the Sherman Act. Presently, value segregation and between locking directorates were gravely illegal. Wilson had grabbed the eye of people in general by vanquishing the triple mass of benefit. With the full help of people in general, Wilson squeezed ahead with further changes. The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 made credit accessible to ranchers at low paces of between est.. The Warehouse Act of 1916 approved credits on the security of staple crops.Other laws additionally profited provincial America by accommodating interstate development and the wound tune in of horticultural augmentation work in the state schools. In 1915, Wilson passed the La Foliate Seamans Act which required respectable treatment and a living pay on American dealer ships. Wilson further helped the laborers with the Workingmans Compensation Act of 1916, conceding help to government common assistance representatives during times of plate capacity. Around the same time the president affirmed a demonstration limiting youngster work on items streaming into interstate business, however the Supreme Court considered the law oblivious action.And in 1916, the Adamson Act of 1916 built up an eight-hour work day for all representatives on trains in interstate trade, with additional compensation for extra time. Wilson made mammoth strides in improving the personal satisfaction for Americans. In spite of the fact that Wilson had a lot of accomplishment in America arrangements, Woodrow Wilson lacked he capacity to accomplish enormity when managing international strategy. Wilson halted dollar strategy following entering office. At that point in 1914, Wilson convinced Congress to rescind the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, which had absolved American delivery tolls which incited significant fights from Britain.Wilson additionally marked the Jones Act in 1916 allowing the Philippines freedom as soon they could work a stable legislative framework. Wilson likewise mostly defused a perilous circumstance among Japan and California. California passed a law forbidding Japanese pilgrims from claiming land. The principle reason California did this as to dishearten Japanese from settling in California. Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan begged California to facilitate its position. California surrendered and the issue was somewhat defused for the present. Be that as it may, Wilson had inconvenience in Haiti and Mexico.The peak of disarranges was in 1914-1915 when the Haitian head was toppled. Wilson sent soldiers into Haiti to secure the American residents living there. Wilson closed a settlement with Haiti under the conditions that the United States give management of accounts and the police for the Haitian country. Around the same time Wilson sent marines to quit revolting in the Dominican Re-open. Also, in 1917, Wilson bought from Denmark the Virgin Islands in the West In-bites the dust. Willows plan of against government didn't hold any more. In April, 1914, a little gathering of American mariners was erroneously captured in the Atlantic Seaport of Tamping, Mexico.The Mexicans immediately discharged the prisoners and apologized, however they to give the twenty-one weapon salute that the American chief of naval operations use powers against Mexico. Before Congress could act, Wilson requested the naval force, which was looking to capture a German boat remaining battle ready to Heart, to hold onto the Mexican port of Vera Cruz, Heart just as Czarina denounced this American mediation. In the event that it was for the intercession of the BBC Powers%Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, America would have in all probability done battle with Mexico over this crazy issue.But in January 1916, Poncho Villa slaughtered eighteen American residents in Santa Weasel, Mexico. At that point in March 1916, Villa and his pack shot up Columbus, New Mexico, murdering seventeen Americans. Under Willows orders, General John J. (Dark Jack) Perishing instructed his military into Mexico slaughtering the majority of Villas pack and guiltless onlookers, yet they never got Villa himself. This was not one of Americas best minutes. In any case, Willows most noteworthy screw up in international strategy was after the finish of World War I. Willows fourteen focuses was a splendid arrangement of thoughts to help both the Allies and the Central Powers.Wilson was never out to hurt any nation, dissimilar to Britain and France who needed vengeance on Germany. Wilson realized that in the event that they rebuffed Germany for World War l, that it would just cause issues down the road for them. He was correct. Be that as it may, numerous individuals didn't hear him out. Wilson chose to go to Paris face to face to battle for his fourteen focuses. This spread out dated the Republicans. The Republicans were significantly increasingly enraged with what Wilson did straightaway. Wilson required individuals from Congress to go to the Paris Peace Conference with him. He fail to bring one Republican from the Senate.Little did he realize that the Republicans would not sign the settlement in view of Willows political bumble. In Paris, Will-child was amazingly disillusioned with Britain and France. They didn't concur with his fourteen focuses and toward the end Wilson needed to forfeit a significant number of his plans to get the League of Nations in the bargain. As you most likely are aware, the United States didn't enter the League due to Willows obstinate mentality of win big or bust. Willows political screw up in managing outside relations hurt him as resident.Although Wilson was an ace in shaping American polices, his plan on international strategies was not as obvious and exact. In America, Wilson passed numerous priceless laws battling the tax and the trusts. He additionally set up a splendid financial framework which could vacillate with the all kinds of challenges. Be that as it may, Wilson was obstinate, which was esp.- socially observed when his fourteen focuses fizzled. He would not make due with Just a portion of his arrangement. It was either win or bust. What's more, as it turned out, it was nothing. Wilson was a virtuoso at working with the Americans, yet fizzled at being one of our more prominent presidents managing international strategy. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-27198345385485921612020-08-22T01:13:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:13:30.885-07:00A Case Study of Akzo Nobel Coatings and Paint Company Essay ExampleA Case Study of Akzo Nobel Coatings and Paint Company Essay In the contemporary business world, the degree of rivalry is ever expanding; it necessitates that an association plan in a manner that would give it upper hand over its adversaries. Clearly, key administration is an applicable instrument an association could use in withstanding the unpredictable and dynamic business world. Armitage (1992) characterizes vital administration as a ceaseless procedure that attempts to fit an association into its evolving condition. Along these lines, in this specific circumstance, vital administration supposedly embraces both key and long haul arranging of an association and its operational or transient arranging. As indicated by Brown Eisenhardt (1998:3), ââ¬Å"strategy is around two things: choosing where you need your business to go and making sense of how to get thereâ⬠. In this view Peter (2005:5), contends that ââ¬Å"strategic intensity is accomplished when a firm effectively defines and actualizes a worth making technique. At the point when a firm executes such a procedure, that different organizations can't copy or see as too expensive to even think about imitating, this firm gas a supported, or practical, serious advantageâ⬠. Nature inâ which today business works in is dynamic; with the steady changes in manners ofâ conducting business and improvement in advances and correspondence. The difficulties confronting business is the means by which to plan to reduce these changes. ââ¬Å"Given the inescapability of progress, the key vital test is dealing with that change. The difficulty is the means by which the association approaches dealing with these changes. Division is a technique received by association to cause it to contend satisfactorily, by offering fulfillment to customers through the arrangement of various items; to which fulfillment to customers are offered by their order inâ decision, taste and purchasing conduct. In this case, there is a vital gathering and arrangement of clients as indicated by the likeness in their taste and purchasing conduct, and every one of them are reached with a particular customized. Division in an association is an apparatus, which an association applies in its advertising and other hierarchical exercises, so as to discover method of fulfilling the individual taste of its clients. To fulfill the wants of client in a powerful industry, there is the need to make and create item and administrations that would meet the individual taste of clients and customers. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Case Study of Akzo Nobel Coatings and Paint Company explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on A Case Study of Akzo Nobel Coatings and Paint Company explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on A Case Study of Akzo Nobel Coatings and Paint Company explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This review would initially leave on a writing survey on division execution inside an association. The second segment of the review utilizes Akzo Nobel to investigate division execution in its Coating and Painting association. Writing REVIEW ON SEGMENTATION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION In authorizing division procedure for an association, the premise why this is done is to fulfill client, and empower them to have decision in meeting their taste and fulfillment inside the assortments of item or custom fitted administrations the association shows. Division isn't explicitly utilized in showcasing technique; it grasps the entire part of the organizationââ¬â¢s exercises. In this view, Clarke Freytag (2002), contend, ââ¬Å"Segmentation in an association ought to be seen in general procedure, for showcasing process, however ought to be connected to each part of the organizationââ¬â¢s task that ought to be performedâ⬠. Division is an instrument that is used in impacting the improvement of an organizationââ¬â¢s item base. In an organizationââ¬â¢s offer to fulfill its customerââ¬â¢s taste the association grasps division system that will in general be in steady making of à innovations in its item through the development in the zones its works. Hence, the choice of client and the great to create so as to fulfill their requirements is a center idea for participating in division. ââ¬Å"In this see division ought to be viewed as a particular idea whose point is to give direction on the best way to choose clients and what answers for build up that meets the chose clients needâ⬠(on the same page) The need to start division in an association activity or promoting exercises is for the association to meet the fulfillment of clients with respect to distinction in clients societies, item taste. In this view, Bolton Myers (2003) have it that ââ¬Å"transaction that worries worldwide business to business promoting necessitates that directors create compelling worldwide systems concerning its evaluating, items for clients portrayed with various societies and various utilities for item attributesâ⬠. Evaluating system affects the usage of promoting division, both at the neighborhood and worldwide level. The distinction in cost for purchasers and venders in the diverse market portions coming about because of observation partners holds affect how division is executed on the worldwide market level. ââ¬Å"a center around level division infers that specific consideration ought to be dedicated to cost based market division for servicesâ⬠(in the same place). Perpetually, there is diverse division for administrations, regardless of whether in household market or worldwide, from the techniques on products. As per Bolton Myers (2003), ââ¬Å"two reasons are illustrated for these distinctions, right off the bat, administrations to customers are exceptionally transitory in nature, and in this way require human asset limitations to restrain short-run limit which makes request the board issues and valuing techniques empower a smooth interest. Furthermore, the elusive idea of administrations when contrasted with the substance in products would prompt a more accentuation on outward signs instead of on the inherent traits or nature of the administration itselfâ⬠. Market division has the objective to south out buyers who have comparative wants and conduct, and along these lines framing heterogeneous portions to fulfill the distinctive customersââ¬â¢ needs. In this way, customersââ¬â¢ reaction to cost is a noteworthy figure that outcomes the execution of market division by an association. This additionally influences the showcasing blend (item, value, conveyance, and advancement) of the association. In this view, Constantinides (2006) expressed, ââ¬Å"Marketing blend relates to the usage of market division issue. This includes the capacity to implement promoting situating investigation, and having the option to separate the Mix from those the contenders offers through the focused on customersââ¬â¢ inclinations as rules from the distinctive segmentâ⬠. The decision of an association to receive a division design goes far to figure out what it produces, and what advantage that are given to shoppers or customers of such administrations. As indicated by Dibb (2001), The decision of correspondence channel and customersââ¬â¢ communication examples and modes an association or an advertiser attempts to give his clients are those issue related with division; for example tackling of division where permitting fragments of one when gainful, separation, the situating of sub problemsâ⬠. Division prompts improving an organizationââ¬â¢s rivalry in an industry whereby it prompts customerââ¬â¢s fulfillment. As indicated by Meadows Dibb (1998), ââ¬Å"segmentation enablesâ association to assign showcase openings, the improvement of asset use, helps in the advancement of reasonable serious position and prompts customersââ¬â¢ satisfactionâ⬠. Certain obstructions may hinder division execution in an association. This may incorporate the absence of complete or satisfactory information of clients to break down and plan for the procedure to receive. There is likewise the focusing on boundary, where an association may get itself not really fit and prepared to leave on division system. Situating hindrances in division emerge from ungraceful endeavors or the incongruence that exist between the received strategy for the association and its distributive channels (in the same place). Division PROCESS IN AKZO NOBEL COATINGS AND PAINTS ORGANIZATION The Coatings division of Akzo Nobel associations remains the greatest coatings organization on the planet. It works in five organizations: Decorative Coatings, Industrial Activities, Car Refinishes, Marine and Protective Coatings, and Nobilas Claims and Fleet Solutions. Every one of these five business zones work independently with a General Manager join to each and headquarter. The Coatings Group of Akzo Nobel association orders driving business sector positions in practically the entirety of its organizations and has gained notoriety for its high caliber and solid items. The Akzo Nobel has covering organizations operational bases in 60 nations, with a representative power of 30,000 individuals. For the association successfully fulfill its client, division of its tremendous operational base is actualized, whereby diverse specialty units inside the association is set up to deal with the creation of assortments of items as per the flavor of clients, in every one of the area and distributive system of the association. The Nobilas Company was set up in 2003, with its base camp in Hoofddrorp, The Netherlands. This organization is a universal answer for vehicle mishap the board and feet character arrangements. The Nobilas Claims and Fleet Solutions work as a business-to-business specialist organization. It m Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-58425217218569249212020-07-20T06:55:00.001-07:002020-07-20T06:55:03.541-07:00How to Use a Coincidence Journal for LuckHow to Use a Coincidence Journal for Luck Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Use A Coincidence Journal for Luck Notice the lucky coincidences in your life By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 17, 2019 Vladan Milisavljevic/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Do you remember the last time you experienced a lucky coincidence â" a time when you found a very specific thing that you needed, exactly when you needed it? We all experience serendipitous coincidences on a regular basis but are sometimes too stressed and busy to notice them or take advantage of the opportunities that they provide. Believers in the Law of Attraction maintain that these coincidences and lucky opportunities are always available to us, and the more we take advantage of them, the more often they will present themselves. Research shows that optimists tend to enjoy more success and satisfaction in life. However, theres also a more scientific explanation of how these events play out. One of the reasons happy people enjoy this luck is that they notice opportunities and take advantage of them. We are all faced with lucky coincidences that bring opportunities, but optimists tend to notice them more and see the positive potential that they bring. 5 Unbelievable Facts About Optimists Create Your Journal A simple way for you to more easily notice and maximize the lucky coincidences in your life â" and enjoy the benefits of journaling at the same time â" is to maintain a âcoincidence journalâ, where you record these events in your life as they happen. Hereâs how to maintain your own coincidence journal: At the end of each day (or at a regular time when you can take a few minutes to reflect), think back and record all the instances where you found exactly what you needed, in unexpected or effortless ways. Did you see something that you had been looking for? Did someone offhandedly mention in conversation some information that was really helpful with a problem you currently face? Did you happen to pick up a book or newspaper that really speaks to you? These can all be counted as subtle coincidences, quiet opportunities that you can use to your advantage if you just take action.Also, look at how subtle or obvious these coincidences were. Did they jump out at you, or did you have to pay attention to notice the opportunities that presented themselves? As you maintain your journal, youâre likely to see more of these coincidences and the opportunities that they present, because youâre actively noticing them now.As you record coincidences and opportunities in your journal, think about w hatâs next for you. Think about the things youâd like to see come into your life, and think about ways you may find these things. Do what you can, but also let go and be open to whatever new things may present themselves for you tomorrow. Then, be ready to take advantage! Can You Learn Optimism? Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-35710443615343870872020-05-06T23:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:53:09.158-07:00Slavery Issues Of Slavery Between North And South - 848 Words Slavery Issues The issues of slavery between North and South was indirectly the cause of the beginning of civil war. Since the North changed their minds about the black population, they had a difficult time with the South, with they believe that Africans had to serve white people. So the problem between the North and South wasnââ¬â¢t something new, it was happening since the government was trying to prevent spread out of the slavery across America, as a result, South started to create, manipulate, and change the laws in their territories to keep the control of the slaves. Also, they had the idea to hide all laws that the North created to favor the slaves. For example, all the mails that came from North, they immediately destroy them to keep the people of southern completely incommunicado from the new laws. Another measure that they made was to make the North believe that Africans were happy to be a slave in the South, in other words, they created propaganda showing the slaves having a good life in the South. Because they was playing with the life of the black people, showing that they will do whatever to avoid lose the law that they had to use black people as slaves. But the real situation that cause the beginning of the civil war was the final decision that south made to protect their slaves. By separating from United States and becoming an independent country, the South obtained the capacity to ignore future treatise about slavery. That is why the civil war began in America,Show MoreRelatedThe Election Of 1848 And Emerging Sectional Divide Between The North And The South Over The Issue Of Slavery1708 Words à |à 7 PagesSemester Long Research Paper The election of 1848 revealed and emerging sectional divide between the north and the south over the issue of slavery. The was the 16th presidential election held on November 7, 1848. Zachary Taylor, who was a member of the Whig party won over Martin Van Buren of the free soil party. Slavery was defined as a legal or economic system in which principles of property law were applied to humans allowing them to be classified as property, to be owned, bought and sold accordinglyRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1636 Words à |à 7 Pagesyears of the 19th century, slavery was more than ever turning into a sectional concern, such that the nation had essentially become divided along regional lines. Based on economic or moral reasoning, people of the Northern states were increasingly in support of opposition to slavery, all the while Southerners became united to defend the institution of slavery. Brought on by profound changes including regional differences in the pattern of slavery in the upper and lower South, as well as the movementRead MoreThe Battle Between The Union And A Separate Entity Called The Confederacy1688 Words à |à 7 PagesThe fight between the union and a separate entity called the confederacy was a profound event in American History, but how did this development evolve? Slavery and democracy had existed for many years, making the Civil War avoidable, yet the course of events still led the United States to the outcome stated above. In order for one to understand this change, one must try to piece together the many instances that would tell him/her the reasons for a Civil War as destructive as the one fought in theRead MoreThe North And South Were Divided Into Two Sections Essay914 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe Antebellum period, the North and South were divided into two sections. The North opposed slavery while the South believed that it ultimately benefitted society, creating conflicting views on many different issues. The issues that were brough t about during the antebellum period between the North and the South were centered around what type of societies slavery created. Although the North and South had some similarities during the antebellum period, the North and South were consistently more differentRead MorePrimary Cause Of The Civil War Essay838 Words à |à 4 Pageshistorians argue that slavery was the primary cause of the American Civil War, whereas others argue that slavery may have been a reason, but not the primary cause of the Civil War. They argued that the main reason of the Civil War was Stateââ¬â¢s rights were being jeopardized, which led to the Stateââ¬â¢s seceding from the Union. Starting off, the Civil War began because the south wanted slavery mainly because they wanted to have workers without having to pay them. Which allowed the South to make more moneyRead MoreThe Main Cause Of The Breakup Of The Union1628 Words à |à 7 PagesSlavery was the main cause of the breakup of the Union and influenced other factors, such as territorial expansion, industrialization and economic tensions, and political alignments. Combined, all of these conflicts, with slavery at the root, led to the conflicts in the nation that started the Civil War. The issue of slavery caused conflict regarding new territories, economic stratification, and political turmoil. All of these tensions served to divide the nation, North against South, to startRead MoreLecture 37 : Sectional Tensions Escalate1323 Words à |à 6 PagesEscalate 1. Did the North and South have good reasons to fear each otherââ¬â¢s influence on the course of national affairs? Yes, I believe the North and the South had good reasons to fear each otherââ¬â¢s influence on the course of national affairs. If a president was elected, and he supported slavery, then the Southââ¬â¢s power, or influence, would affect federal decisions such as new states becoming slave states. The North did support slavery, but did not want slavery to expand, thus the North was at unease ifRead MoreThe Union Into Civil War1549 Words à |à 7 PagesSlavery, in itself, was the most predominant reason for the breakup of the Union. It fundamentally divided the Free northern states and the Slave southern states, causing immediate tension. However, it was the various conflicts resultant of the central issue of slavery that truly plunged the Union into Civil War. The foremost of these tensions dealt with new territories, particularly those gained in the Mexican cession. The Mexican War was the direct result of ââ¬Å"Manifest Destiny,â⬠or the beliefRead MoreThe Causes Of Th e Civil War1409 Words à |à 6 Pagesinclude; statesââ¬â¢ rights, economics, and slavery. The most recognizable and popular cause is slavery. The freeing of the slaves was an important moral issue at the time and one of the greatest causes of the civil war. It was only by carefully avoiding the moral issue involved in slavery that Northerners and Southerners could meet on any common ground. (Goldston, 79). The time came in which our great country would finally address the moral issue of slavery. Although there are many different causesRead MoreThe Cause of the Civil War800 Words à |à 4 Pagesbelief, the Civil War was mainly provoked by the North; through using the federal government to overtake the South, removing slavery which would destroy Southern economy, and creating the moral issue of slavery. The North was the primary reason for the start of a war that ripped our country apart. The North had full control over the federal government and used that to suppress the Southern states by creating laws that only benefitted the North. The South felt the corrupt government was unfair and they Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-2011266539600296312020-05-06T08:44:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:44:48.270-07:00Misleading Graphs Free Essays ââ¬Å"Graphs give a visual representation that enables readers to analyze and interpret data more easily than they could simply by looking at numbers. However, inappropriately drawn graphs can misrepresent the data and lead the reader to false conclusionsâ⬠(Bluman, 2009, p. 76). We will write a custom essay sample on Misleading Graphs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some methods used by graph makers to mislead consumers are truncated axis starting points and using two dimensional pictures rather than simple bars or lines. Problems The graph we chose as our project is flawed in many ways. The chart has no title, no scale on the vertical axis, and no labels for the horizontal axis. There is no way to determine what type of data is being represented other than ââ¬Å"singlesâ⬠of some kind being sold. Whether these are single units of something, single rooms rented, Kraft singles cheese slices, or something else entirely is uncertain. The missing labels on the horizontal axis also deprive the viewer from knowing exactly how the data is being tracked. The columns certainly look like they represent years but it could be something else entirely. Another large issue with this graph is that the two dimensional viewpoint makes it seem as if the 1995 column is far taller than the rest of the data when in fact it is the same height as the 1997 column. Effect on Users When the graph is misleading, it becomes hard for the reader to accurately understand what the graph is trying to show. The largest problem with this graph is the lack of information provided about what is being studied. There is no title provided to give the reader a general idea of what information is being shown. The graph fails to show the frequency amount of the ââ¬Å"number of singles being soldâ⬠, or even what the single is exactly. The fact that there is little labeling on the vertical axis and none on the horizontal axis can be misleading and could cause the users to think that the graph is representing something different than it really is. The graph can also be misleading to it users because of the fact that it is set up as a two dimensional graph. When looking at the graph the closer the bars are the larger they are made to appear. So while it looks like the first bar is the tallest it is no taller than the third bar. Corrections To correct our chosen graph we first start by appointing an appropriate product for the ââ¬Å"number of singles sold,â⬠and in choosing our product it will also help us to decide our chart title which is ââ¬Å"Annual CD singles sales. The scale on the vertical axis contains the year of sales, and the horizontal axis contains the amount of sales or the number of CD singles sold. And the graph has changed to a simple bar graph for better reader understanding. These corrections make the graph more informational and contain a better frequency than before. And the labeling of both the horizontal and vertical axis helps the graph to better represent the product to the user. And changing to the bar graph will show the graphââ¬â¢s strongest and weakest years of sales. How to cite Misleading Graphs, Essay examples Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-63781875357386439812020-04-26T13:26:00.001-07:002020-04-26T13:26:02.919-07:00Stupidity Essays - Intelligence, Stupidity, , Term Papers Stupidity Most people say being stupid will lead no where. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend ones life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at some of the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldn't have such a negative attitude toward it. Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isn't a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesn't make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity. Yet these are all true, there are still many advantages to stupidity. The first advantage is very easy to understand. Stupid people are never asked to do a lot. Many have noticed that people tend to steer away from someone they feel may be stupid. This is for a very good reason. The stupidity which they posses makes a name for themselves, a name which can be very difficult to shake. Yet, this creates a positive situation for the stupid person. They will have a lot of free time on their hands for more of life's truly meaningful pleasures. Now, there has been a rumor going around that suggests that stupid people have low expectations. This is true. They are so stupid that they donut realize great from O.K. They could have a cordless phone, but would probably choose instead an alarm clock telephone, because it comes free with their sensamatic folding bed. Someone with the 93advantage94 of stupidity might have a hard time doing certain tasks, or setting things up. Yet this isn't all bad. For example, if a stupid person leaves the chore, and comes back to it later, no one will be able to understand it. Would they get fired from their job? No. For the very simple reason that no one would understand their work except for them. The job would have to be given back to the stupid person, perhaps with a higher salary, or someone would do it for them, leaving them with even more free time! Free time is great for brainstorming. Yet the ideas stupid people create tend to be original. For example, when was the last time someone stupid said something, and made you think about it? It seems that people are always talking about someone else's dumb idea. This would suggest that stupid people may have the upper hand when it comes to thinking up original ideas. In fact, the next time someone wants an original idea for something, they should try talking to their local community stupid person. The reason for this is that while a stupid person thinks with his head, he does not do so in an organized manner. This is why they have so much creativity. By thinking in this fashion, theirideas have a natural tendency to flow more easily, without the interruptions which occur from the editing of thoughts that logical people would have normally. Thus, if someone else should say to you, That was a stupid idea!, you should merely look that person straight in the eye, and say, Thank-you!. This also means that the claim, Stupid minds think alike, is not true. All stupid minds have different ideas, each idea being original. One of the final advantages of stupidity is that stupid people are always remembered. It has been noticed how a quiet person is always hard to detect, and often remains anonymous. There is a very good reason for this. The mind has a hard time keeping quiet people in its memory track. But it is much easier and pleasing for the mind to remember someone really stupid. Anyway, when was the last time you laughed at an idiot at your school? When was the last time someone laughed at the little kid at the back of the room? The evidence here proves how stupid people last longer in someone's thoughts. Thus, stupidity clearly has many advantages, as long as someone is smart enough to use them! It is important to understand that stupid people are like all other humans, physically. They just think differently. People should learn that someone graced Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-24195756979422537862020-03-18T21:42:00.001-07:002020-03-18T21:42:03.477-07:00Lynda Smith ââ¬ÅDisconnectedââ¬Â Rhetorical Summary Essay Essay ExampleLynda Smith ââ¬Å"Disconnectedâ⬠Rhetorical Summary Essay Essay Example Lynda Smith ââ¬Å"Disconnectedâ⬠Rhetorical Summary Essay Paper Lynda Smith ââ¬Å"Disconnectedâ⬠Rhetorical Summary Essay Paper In her essay. ââ¬Å"Disconnectedâ⬠. Lynda Smith apprehends that todayââ¬â¢s technological forward motions are taking over our basic human interactions. She explains that we are being brainwashed into believing that cell phone. computing machines and other technological appliances help us to remain connected swimmingly and outright. Although the world is by utilizing these appliances we are non sing face to face communications. alternatively we are dividing from each other. Lynda Smith tries to link with readers emotions by indicating out misdirecting cell phone bearer commercials and mottos. Smith besides uses farther facts to back up her claims. that these companies have lied to us and succeeded by supplying false information by repeat. Which causal has the client believe these companies are trusty and client friendly. Even more she uses CIAââ¬â¢s informations base information to demo the figure of cell phone and cyberspace users to reason her theory on commercials act uponing our picks to buy these services. Furthermore. Smith connects with people who have been affected by advertisement and cell phone carries tremendous figure of cell phone users. Smithââ¬â¢s illustration portrays a work forces who was lead to believe. he would salvage clip by having a cell phone. while the truth is there is no salvaging clip. Large corporations are merely out to falsify our sense of clip so that we truly stop up with less. while still purchasing their merchandises. and leaping on the bandwagon. Smith ends her statements by saying we all have single pick to make up ones mind how we communicate with our close one time. Will it be by fast forwarding engineering. or face to confront interaction. either manner we need to maintain updated with engineering in order advancement forwards but we can non depend on it. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-48121628193414227252020-03-02T13:28:00.001-08:002020-03-02T13:28:04.052-08:00Get the Facts About Marijuana and THCGet the Facts About Marijuana and THC Marijuana is one of the names given to the Cannabis sativa plant when it is used as a drug. The active ingredient in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. What does marijuana look like? The appearance of marijuana depends on how it will be used, but it often resembles tobacco. Higher quality marijuana is made using only the flowering buds of the plant, while other marijuana may include leaves, stems, and seeds. Marijuana may be green, brown, or grayish in color. How is marijuana used? Marijuana may be smoked as a cigarette, in a pipe, in a blunt, or using a vaporizer. It may be consumed as a tea or in food. Why do people use marijuana? Marijuana is used because of its primary active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produces a relaxed state and may heighten the senses. What are the effects of marijuana use? The effects of smoking marijuanaà are felt as soon as the THC enters the bloodstream and last from 1-3 hours. Absorption of THC is slower if marijuana is ingested, typically producing effects 30 minutes to an hour after exposure and lasting up to 4 hours. Marijuana increases the heart rate, relaxes and enlarges bronchial passages, and dilates the blood vessels in the eyes, which may cause them to appear bloodshot. THC causes dopamine release, which produces euphoria. Colors and sounds may seem more intense, time may appear to pass more slowly, and pleasant sensations may be experienced. Dry mouth is common, as are intense thirst and hunger. After the euphoria passes, a user may feel sleepy or depressed. Some users experience anxiety or panic. What are the risks associated with marijuana use? Smoking marijuana results in many of the same risks associated with smoking tobacco, including coughing, increased susceptibility to lung infections, airway obstruction, and probably an increased risk of developing lung cancer. Other methods of taking marijuana are not associated with respiratory damage. Even low doses of marijuana impair concentration and coordination. Long-term heavy marijuana use may impair short-term memory long after the drug has been metabolized. Street Names for Marijuana Grass Pot Weed Bud Mary Jane Dope Indo Hydro 420 Acapulco Gold BC Bud Buddha Cheeba Chronic Ganja Green Goddess Herb Homegrown KGB (Killer Green Bud) Kindbud Locoweed Shake Sinsemilla Skunk Wacky Tabacky Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-37239540846635344862020-02-15T04:54:00.001-08:002020-02-15T04:54:03.317-08:00The association of community organization of reform now (ACORN) Research PaperThe association of community organization of reform now (ACORN) - Research Paper Example The attainments of ACORN are inclusive of prosperous crusades and operations for better housing, schools, neighborhood security, job provisions, health care, etc. The members of ACORN take part in local meets and diligently work upon the stipulations and functions, thereby, electing leadership from the neighborhood level up, and paying the organization's foundation expenses by means of membership dues as well as grassroots fundraisers (Official Website, 2009). This organization has faced up to the conventional concepts of what a community organization actually is, along with its family of organizations which is inclusive of two radio stations, a housing corporation, a voter registration set of connections, and various publications. Today, ACORN has become America's most eminent left-wing community organization. Until now, there is little that is known, however, ACORN has played a significant role in the sub-prime mortgage issue which has degraded the support of Americans with regards to the free market problem-solving, thereby, setting off a widespread chain of financial catastrophes. Moreover, ACORN is also inferred in vote scams from coast to coast. The ultimate aim of ACORN is to provide America with the change and transformation which is believed in by the socialists, be it by any means. It is intentionally organized to steer clear of any kind of inspections (Vadum, 2008). The longevity, size and scope of ACORN make it distinct amongst the masses, however, two features actually distinguish it from others, and they are an absolute commitment to organizing the poor and the under-privileged and the powerless, along with a continuous willingness and ability to break new ground (Official Website, 2009). 1.2 History of ACORN The sixth decade of the twentieth century was a significant epoch in the history of American politics for the reason that the American decade observed struggles and efforts for freedom of the people with low-income and the minorities across the nation along with a war that intensely disseminated all Americans (Official Website, 2009). In the midst of all the hassle and conflicts, some significant lessons were taken care of by the ones who profoundly cared about America and her residents. Those lessons could be anything about endurance by making a lasting influence on the nation. One of the social welfare communities which took into account all the perils investigated various concepts and ideologies, thereby, developing a distinct formula for a government of justice in America. It was the National Welfare Rights Organization or NWRO, which was piloted by George Wiley (Official Website, 2009). Wiley established this organization in the mid-sixties in order to establish a national driv e for the requirements and rights of the low-income residents of America. By the year 1966, the NWRO was in charge of 170 groups in around 60 Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-43122897875784869422020-02-02T04:47:00.001-08:002020-02-02T04:47:02.420-08:00Mix strategy for Mobile Services Provider Vodafone Essay - 8Mix strategy for Mobile Services Provider Vodafone - Essay Example To achieve this objective this report first examines the profile of the companies. A comparative analysis is then conducted, and at the end, a few recommendations are offered. à Vodafone is the largest telecommunications company, and its headquarters are located in Newbury, England. The company was formed in 1982 but has since established itself as a worldwide brand. The company is a joint venture between Racial Electronics and Millicom and the Hambros technology. In the UK, the aim of the company is to maintain market leadership by developing new products and services. However, in the recent past, the company has been facing huge competition from the new products in the market targeting the young population. To compete effectively, the company is continually updating the range of phones and services. In addition, the company is constantly, communicating with its customers about the benefits of the available products. To improve the visibility of its brand, the company has formed a commercial alliance with the Manchester United club (Heuer 2010, p.56). In Europe, the company has expanded its influence through the acquisition of partner networks. Just to illustrate, on December 3rd, 2002, the company entered into the Estonian market by signing a Partner Network Agreement with Radiolinja (Grant 2010, p.89). Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-40262873501821136162020-01-25T01:10:00.001-08:002020-01-25T01:10:02.840-08:00Princess Diana- Media Victim or Media Manipulator :: essays research papers fc Princess Diana "Lady Diana was born into a privileged family as the daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and Lady Frances Althorp in Norfolk, England. Princess Diana was raised by nannies, separated from her parents by divorce and isolated from her sisters and brother when sent to boarding schools. Her life was filled with activities, friends and social events that 'bred' her for royal status and community involvement". At first glance we can easily assume that such a person would easily be one who knew how to handle themselves in front of a camera, being that royalty were never left alone by the media. When she first married the prince the world of the media was rather new to her, and not necessarily unappreciated or ignored in the sense that it could give her a bad name. Considering that she was raised in royalty to some degree, it was only natural that she takes advantage of the media, once she knew how. Yet, at the same time Diana seemed destined to work for others through her status as royalty, which may have been manipulation, but seemed far more sincere than that. In an interesting spiritual judgment of her personality: "Diana's first trait determined how she made choices. In balance, this trait gave her a strong desire to stabilize all aspects of her life. Because of that pull, Diana's goals focused on the equilibrium between motherhood, attention to her nation, charity work and responsibility to her husband. Without effort to achieve balance in one's life, those with this trait in excess can become lifeless--at times lacking the desire to work towards stability and only existing. Through Diana's much publicized life, depression and immobilizing mental turmoil threatened at times her very existence" (Anonymous Diana Frances Spencer George diana.html). She married into royalty and though, at times, got caught up her status and her appearance, slowly changed her focus to people in need, which caused her conflict in relationship to here station in life, which caused her turmoil and misery. Yet, she pursued these events at whatever the cost. Before her death she had become known as a powerful force for good in the world as she "embraced all those requiring care, even breaking the barriers associated with AIDS, leprosy, and those maimed from land mines. She had such a deep concern for each individual taught the world for which we will be forever blessed" (Anonymous Diana Frances Spencer George diana. Princess Diana- Media Victim or Media Manipulator :: essays research papers fc Princess Diana "Lady Diana was born into a privileged family as the daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and Lady Frances Althorp in Norfolk, England. Princess Diana was raised by nannies, separated from her parents by divorce and isolated from her sisters and brother when sent to boarding schools. Her life was filled with activities, friends and social events that 'bred' her for royal status and community involvement". At first glance we can easily assume that such a person would easily be one who knew how to handle themselves in front of a camera, being that royalty were never left alone by the media. When she first married the prince the world of the media was rather new to her, and not necessarily unappreciated or ignored in the sense that it could give her a bad name. Considering that she was raised in royalty to some degree, it was only natural that she takes advantage of the media, once she knew how. Yet, at the same time Diana seemed destined to work for others through her status as royalty, which may have been manipulation, but seemed far more sincere than that. In an interesting spiritual judgment of her personality: "Diana's first trait determined how she made choices. In balance, this trait gave her a strong desire to stabilize all aspects of her life. Because of that pull, Diana's goals focused on the equilibrium between motherhood, attention to her nation, charity work and responsibility to her husband. Without effort to achieve balance in one's life, those with this trait in excess can become lifeless--at times lacking the desire to work towards stability and only existing. Through Diana's much publicized life, depression and immobilizing mental turmoil threatened at times her very existence" (Anonymous Diana Frances Spencer George diana.html). She married into royalty and though, at times, got caught up her status and her appearance, slowly changed her focus to people in need, which caused her conflict in relationship to here station in life, which caused her turmoil and misery. Yet, she pursued these events at whatever the cost. Before her death she had become known as a powerful force for good in the world as she "embraced all those requiring care, even breaking the barriers associated with AIDS, leprosy, and those maimed from land mines. She had such a deep concern for each individual taught the world for which we will be forever blessed" (Anonymous Diana Frances Spencer George diana. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-15260583714748035282020-01-16T21:31:00.001-08:002020-01-16T21:31:03.210-08:00Computer Information System BriefKudler Fine Foods is a specialty food store located in the metropolitan area of San Diego California. Kathy Kudler founded the operation and by organizing a business plan and finance needs she was able to open the first store. Within the first six months, the store broke even and ended the year with a profit. Two more stores have opened since, and the company continues to remain bring in a profit. Kudler Fine Foods is looking to further expand the business and has asked Regal CPAââ¬â¢s to evaluate the companyââ¬â¢s accounting operations.After evaluation of the systems and policies Regal CPA's will advise Kudler's on how to integrate the computer systems to meet business needs. Key Business and Accounting Information Needs Kudlerââ¬â¢s initial business plan included funds in excess of $50,000 to install a Retail Enterprise Management System. Kathy Kudler contracted Smith Consulting to help analyze the business needs and select an appropriate REMS. Smith Consulting has been co ntracted yearly to maintain the system for Kudler Fine Foods.The REMS was chosen to help integrate Kudlerââ¬â¢s point of sale system with the accounting modules including, general ledger, accounts payable, bank reconciliation, asset management and accounting, and security. Strengths and Weaknesses Kudlerââ¬â¢s currently runs using a point of sale system, which reports all sales in detail sending information to the general ledger, electronic payment clearing house, and purchasing function. Each sale is transmitted into the general ledger automatically recording debits and credits, calculating the cost of goods sold, calculating FIFO inventory levels, and net profit.The POS system sends automatic transmission for credit sales to the financial institution. With each sale the POS system also adjusts inventory on hand, records discounted purchases, and tracks ordering. Having these systems integrated eliminates potential posting errors. The Entrepreneur (2014) website states that a POS system should allow a business to analyze sales data, determine how each item sells, adjust for purchasing levels, maintain sales history for future purchases, improvement of pricing accuracy by use of barcodes scanners and credit card authorizations. Currently the stores are connected through a T3 line.According to ââ¬Å"Data-Connectâ⬠(2014), ââ¬Å"A T3 line is an ultra high-speed connection capable of transmitting data at rates up to 45 Mbps. A T3 line is equal to approximately 672 regular voice-grade telephone lines, which is fast enough to transmit full-motion, real-time video, and very large databases over a busy networkâ⬠(T3 ââ¬â comprised of 28 T1 lines). T3 communication lines are generally used for larger corporations, and can be expensive averaging around $3000 per month (Data-Connect, 2014). Having this system helps to ensure all three stores remain connected and gives the able to communicate effectively.The disadvantage of a T3 line is that it is h ardware based and could crash. If a business does not have proper back up files and storage, information could be lost. A weakness within Kudler Fine Foods is with manual entry in the general ledger module and on cash purchases within the accounts payable module. When dealing with local grown produce, some growers insist on cash payments, which lead to manually entering the information into the accounts payable system. This leaves room for error from incorrect entry. This is also true for manual entry within the general ledger.Kudler Fine Foods also lacks a module for asset management and accounting. The company currently uses a spreadsheet software that is not integrated with the current REMS. This could lead to errors in correctly reporting financial information, as well as leading to additional manual entries. Opportunities Integration of all systems and procedures would greatly increase the accuracy of Kudler Fine Foods accounting system. It would be in the best interest of Kath y to contact Smith Consulting to review the current REMS, and decide what is needed to integrate the asset management and accounting module.Integrating this module will eliminate the spreadsheet software that is currently used. It would also be needed to explain the cash payment vendors with Smith Consulting to determine if the current REMS could handle such transactions, which would further eliminate manual entry. Another opportunity would be to search other hardware to connect the three stores that would be cheaper for the company. Currently the T3 line is designed for large corporations. Some suggestions would be to research a cloud storage for businesses. Cloud storage offers the same features as the T3 line but offers backup assistance.Cloud storage is also cheaper, cutting down on the business expenses (Dropbox, n. d. ). Cloud storage is good for smaller companies, with less expense, and will grow with the companyââ¬â¢s needs. Threats Kudler Fine Foods currently does not ha ve a policy for security. The companyââ¬â¢s REMS offer security features such as passwords, dollar limits, and limited access, without a security police or audits the business is at threat of embezzlement, hacking, and unforeseen errors. Kudlerââ¬â¢s currently does not have an IT department to fall back on when there are issues with the software or hardware within the business.Without having an IT department the business could encounter computer or network related issues that would not be handled timely causing disruption of business. Without an IT department Kudlerââ¬â¢s must rely on outside consulting to help repair any issues that would arise. Incorporating IT within the company would eliminate costly and time consuming repairs. Conclusion Although there is some potential for development within Kudler Fine Foods, for the most part the company is on the right track. Integrating all systems and policies would eliminate manual entries.Kathy Kudler should contact Smith Consu lting to determine how the REMS system can be upgraded to benefit the companyââ¬â¢s needs. Also looking into different storage systems that are less costly and able to grow with the business could increase profitability. Lastly the threats within the business need to be addressed to ensure that the company does not fall at risk to fraud or other potential financial issues. Addressing the aforementioned items would ensure better business practices and procedures for Kudler Fine Foods. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-73081909949500260722020-01-08T17:53:00.001-08:002020-01-08T17:53:03.011-08:00The Controversy Of American Military Charge - 1575 Words We hold these truths to act naturally obvious, that all men are made equal... So start Jefferson s celebrated words from the body of The Statement of Individuality of 1776. Delightful however the idea and the wording might be, it basically does not face even fleeting examination. As of now, an analyst has blamed me for hostile to American notion just in light of the fact that I suggested that American military charge may have committed some error in judgment sooner or later. Along these lines, I know I am challenging so as to fly in hazardous region America s holiest report. Be that as it may, The Proverbial Skeptic does not exist to stay away from our sacrosanct cows, it exists to investigate them. What s more, what could be more ââ¬Å"Americanâ⬠, more Jefferson Ian, than thoroughly applying illumination thinking without view for what is held as blessed or consecrated? Presently, this post does not serve to slander the social benefit of treating everyone of each race, statement of faith, faith, and sexuality similarly under the law. That esteem is something which we should keep on yearning for. I comprehend the peril in tossing this thought out. To be sure, in history s most well-known conflict with this expression, simply such a risk was verging on figured it out. Said ââ¬Å"Alexander Stephensâ⬠, Vice President of the Confederacy: The predominant thoughts entertained by [Jefferson] and the majority of the main statesmen at the season of the arrangement of the oldShow MoreRelatedThe Right to Bear Arms1866 Words à |à 7 Pagestrained military force to hold back the British or the French. This changed when John Adams became president. When John ADams became president, he made a proffessional navy to protect vessels and trade ships from pirates. Today, there is no military draft at all. The U.S. Army is made up of a mix of full-time and part-time professional soldiers. This is important in maintaining the US armed forces and the morale of the troops. 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He left this job in 1772 to attend school at the encouragement of his employers. With the help of his employers he went to school at an academy in New Jersey, and after that he enrolled in Kingââ¬â¢s College in New York City. He left college without graduating in 1776. The American Revolution of 1776 offered Hamilton the opportunity to become captain of a company of artillery. HeRead MoreEssay On Global Emotions971 Words à |à 4 Pagesemotions plays a significant role in global economies and policies throughout the world. War motivated tensions as seen in the news, resulted from a focus on immigration and refugees. Particular attention to Muslim backgrounds highlights a prevailing controversy both in the United States and in the Netherlands . The pair of political leaders verbally expressed emotional dislike in variations of messaging to the public. Such extreme suggestions previously aimed were to ban the reading of the Koran while Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-11123873788785852242019-12-31T14:18:00.001-08:002019-12-31T14:18:03.127-08:00Editing Correcting Errors in Pronoun Reference This exercise will give you practice in correcting errors in pronoun reference. InstructionsEach of the following sentences contains an error in pronoun reference. Rewrite these 15 sentences, making sure that all pronouns refer clearly to their antecedents. In some cases you may need to replace a pronoun with a noun or add an antecedent that the pronoun logically refers to. When you have completed the exercise, compare your revised sentences with those on the bottom of the page. Last year Vince played on the college lacrosse team, but this year he is too busy to do it.On the menu they say that the pasta sauce is homemade.When the boy gently picked up his puppy, his ears stood up and his tail started wagging.My mother is a mail carrier, but they wouldnt hire me.After Governor Baldridge watched the lion perform, he was taken to Main Street and fed 25 pounds of raw meat in front of the Fox Theater.After drying your dog with a towel, be sure to drop it into the washing machine.I applied for a student loan, but they turned me down.Because guilt and bitterness can be emotionally destructive to you and your children, you must get rid of them.After removing the roast from the broiling pan, allow it to soak in soapy water.Beer in one hand and bowling ball in the other, Merdine raised it to her lips and swallowed it in one mighty gulp.In the college catalog it says that students caught cheating will be suspended.A few moments after the countess had broken the traditio nal bottle of champagne on the bows of the noble ship, she slid slowly and gracefully down the slipway, entering the water with scarcely a splash.When Frank set the vase on the rickety end table, it broke.A broken board had penetrated the drivers cabin and just missed his head; this had to be removed before the man could be rescued.When a student is placed on probation, you may file an appeal with the dean. Here are answers to the Editing Exercise: Correcting Errors in Pronoun Reference. Note that in most cases, more than one correct answer is possible. Last year Vince played on the college lacrosse team, but this year he is too busy to play.According to the menu, the pasta sauce is homemade.When the boy gently picked up his puppy, its ears stood up and its tail started wagging.My mother is a mail carrier, but the post office wouldnt hire me.After the lion performed for Governor Baldridge, it was taken to Main Street and fed 25 pounds of raw meat in front of the Fox Theater.After drying your dog with a towel, be sure to drop the towel into the washing machine.My application for a student loan was turned down.You must get rid of guilt and bitterness because they can be emotionally destructive to you and your children.After removing the roast, allow the broiling pan to soak in soapy water.With her bowling ball in one hand, Merdine raised the beer to her lips and swallowed it in one mighty gulp.According to the college catalog, students caught cheating will be suspended.A few moments after the countess had broken the traditional bottle of champagne on its bows, the noble ship slid slowly and gracefully down the slipway, entering the water with scarcely a splash.The vase broke when Frank set it on the rickety end table.The broken board that had penetrated the cabin, just missing the drivers head, had to be removed before the man could be rescued.When placed on probation, a student may file an appeal with the dean. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-1630276779760672992019-12-23T10:04:00.001-08:002019-12-23T10:04:04.337-08:00Foreign Threats And Its Effects On The United States During the late 19th century, America was seen as a flourishing nation which provided a desired relocation for millions of people. From these mass migrations into the United States, citizens developed concern from the fluctuations between economic depression and prosperity and if the nation could afford absorbing than many people (Schaller, Schulzinger, Selfa, Greenwood, Kirk, Purcell, Dean p. 619) Migrations havenââ¬â¢t stopped in the 21st century and today more than ever there is increasing foreign threats because of the negative sentiment many countries have towards US policy. From this ever changing world with higher threat levels what has homeland security evolved into, and why is it important in Texas amongst the rest of the southern states that share a border with Mexico? With the combination of international airports, a large coastline, and a long stretch of border Texas can potentially be vulnerable from numerous foreign threats because of its sheer size and lack of over sight of many locations. Securing the nationââ¬â¢s borders has been a concept of interest for the federal and state government since the late 1800s with the massive worldwide migration of foreigners. These foreigners werenââ¬â¢t terrorists who wanted to harm America, but rather common people in search of jobs in the ever growing industry of America during the 19th century. Immigration, terrorism, and securing the borders are among the areas that agencies within the Department of Homeland Security handle forShow MoreRelatedReforms in the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996661 Words à |à 3 Pagespenalties. The EEA is particularly severe with people or corporations who steal trade secrets in order to benefit foreign countries or foreign agentsâ⬠(LaMance). Penalties under the EEA of 1996 if a person is found guilty can be fined up to $500 thousand and serve 10 years in jail. A company can be fined up to five million but if it serves to benefit, a foreign country or a foreign agent fines are up to $10 million and up to 15 years in jail. In April 2012, the U.S. tried to convict Sergey AleynikovRead MoreThe War On Drugs : A New Us National Security Doctrine1442 Words à |à 6 PagesThis means that the concept of security has grown to include environmental, economic, and social issues of security which have a big effect on how security is understood in general. 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Moreover, it served as aRead MoreThe United States And Terrorism1609 Words à |à 7 PagesToday, I will seek to prove that not only does the United States have a history of torturing terrorism suspects by methods including waterboarding, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, and threats to the self or the family, but also that the use of such torture is illegal according to United States and international law. I will also argue that the United States is guilty of the illegal extraordinary rendition of terrorist suspects. Further, I will argue that current standards for investigating Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-89072545084802063622019-12-15T06:34:00.001-08:002019-12-15T06:34:03.668-08:00The Role of Language and Communication in National Transfromation Free Essays string(85) " linguistic levels by set of an operating rules and principles called ââ¬ËGrammarââ¬â¢\." The relationship between language and communication in the business of information encoding and dissemination cannot be over looked. Despite the fact that the two concepts are different in meaning, the roles they play are complementary in many ways. Language is a process by which information can be carried out from one party to another, while communication refers to the chain of activities that make it possible for information, ideas, emotions and experiences to be conveyed from one party to the other. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Language and Communication in National Transfromation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of communication starts with the source that first puts the message information in a code or language before it is sent to the receiver. The major focus of this work is to examine how language and communication agree in achieving effective information delivery for National Transformation. A documentary approach was applied. It was found out that the issue of language and communication is at the core of national transformation in Nigeria. Some variables that are relevant to this work are examined. These findings led to the conclusion that for Nigeria to move forward in its transformational strides in the 21st century, language and communication must be strengthened at all cost. 1. 0: INTRODUCTION Language plays a very vital role in human society. The language of any human society tells a lot about that society. Therefore, it can be further emphasized that language and communication are inseparable. In any human society, language and communication occupy a very important seat, more than it appears to all. The functions of language and communication in any human community include the following; expression of thoughts, political, administration, education, social, religious, legislation and so on. It is imperative to note that of all the channels of communication, language is the most important. This is because all other means of communication like gestures and signs are only needful in the face-to-face circumstance. Language plays a vital role in this and still remains the most effective means of communication. Through language and communication, we can see the heart of a people. This implies that language makes it possible to express feelings, emotions, views, ideas, opinions, perceptions, as well as judgment about people, objects, places, things, information and situations, Obuh and Omenogor (2012). 2. 0: WHAT IS LANGUAGE? Language is a viable implement used by man for the purpose of communication. It is human-specific and this differentiates man from other creatures. Language has contributed enormously to the great transformation of our society politically, religiously, socially and economically. For the sake of this paper, we need a definition of language. There is a plethora of definitions of the concept of language. Sapir (1963) asserts that: ââ¬Å"language is the key to the heart of a peopleâ⬠this means that language is a purely human and non-instinctive type of communication. Moreso, Moulton (1974), sees language as: ââ¬Å"a wonderful and rich vehicle of communication, which is: expression of ideas, wishes, commands, conveyance of truths and lies. He also said that only human beings have the attribute of sending and receiving an unlimited number of messages. This implies that language is a feature common to human beings. Haugen (1974) explains language as: ââ¬Å"a manââ¬â¢s most distinctive and significant type of social behaviourâ⬠¦ learned anew by every child. â⬠Language and communication are inseparably linked in the heart of a people. According to Allen and Corder (1973:27), ââ¬Å"language is purely a human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbolsâ⬠. Hall (1980:16) defines language as: ââ¬Å"the institutions where by humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral auditory symbolsâ⬠. Bolinger (1975:14), views language as: ââ¬Å"a system of vocal-auditory communication interacting with the experiences of its users, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrarily patterned sound units and assembled according to set rulesâ⬠. In another development, Essien (1998:2) sees language as: A system of structured arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which human beings make meaning nd communicate with each other in a given communityâ⬠¦. These definitions recognize the communicative role of language which is specifically used by human beings for the purpose of interaction. By implication, language is in essence a perfect means of expression among every known people. It is important to note that language determines the world-view of a people. It is the connection between language and communic ation in information delivery for national transformation that is the fulcrum of this discourse. In as much as human beings use language, communication remains its primary target. 2. 1: FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE These can be seen as some special qualities and role that are common to a typical human language. Human language is used in a number of functions and topmost among which is communication. In the same vein, language is known with the following properties: LANGUAGE IS A LIVING PHENOMENON: This is attributed to a language because language just like other creatures can be ââ¬Ëbornââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëgrowââ¬â¢, and ââ¬Ëdieââ¬â¢. Creating a language is like giving birth to a language. A language grows when it undergoes a kind of structural and semantic expansion. A language dies when it is no longer used or spoken by any group of people in any part of the world as a means of communication. IT IS ARBITRARY: This implies that there is no logic or reasonable resemblance between words and expressions of a given language and their basic meanings or what they stand for. Example, ââ¬Å"the spoon is in the cup on the tableâ⬠does not logically look like what it means because of the arbitrariness of each of its constituents parts. In the same vein, human language is conventional. This is closely related to the arbitrariness of language, because a language is conventional in the sense that its meaningful usage is based on general opinion, consent, knowledge or acceptability of its various speakers Oluga (2006) EVERY LANGUAGE IS RULE GOVERNED: This means that the acceptable and correct use of a giving language is usually guided at the various linguistic levels by set of an operating rules and principles called ââ¬ËGrammarââ¬â¢. You read "The Role of Language and Communication in National Transfromation" in category "Language" Every language has its own grammar which may not be the same with those of other languages and any deviation from such grammatical rules will render language use ungrammatical. IT IS SYMBOLIC: This means that language also involves the use of various symbols which invariably aids comprehension of the meaning of language. However, symbols may or may not be physical. It is not physical if what is meant is the mental image already pictured in the language usersââ¬â¢ mind which comes to mind whenever the signifier is mentioned. LANGUAGE IS PURELY HUMAN: The school of thought who advocates these characteristics are those who believe in the incomparability of the human language. To them, language is one of the main distinctive features by which human beings can be identified, hence, it is only the human means of communication that is highly complex and developed and which can explain virtually everything that they identify as language. LANGUAGE IS COMPLEX BUT FLEXIBLE: Language complexity means that language is made up of various, but logical related, constituent parts that can be properly combined to express unlimited ideals. While language flexibility means that language is not an unreasonably rigid source of communication but one that can be modified in various ways to express various ideas. One can even say something and mean the opposite of what one says and yet the intended meaning of oneââ¬â¢s message would be understood. LANGUAGE IS EITHER ACCQUIRED OR LEARNT: Here, human beings are not born with language though the ability to speak language is inherent in them; hence, no child starts to speak a language as soon as he/she is born. A language is either informally acquired from childhood through an unconscious process or formally learnt through a conscious learning process or in a formal learning setting like the language class. However, acquisition of language is peculiar to mother tongue while, learning proper is peculiar to other languages other than the mother tongue. It is also expedient to note that an already acquired language usually influences or impedes learning and competency in the second language usage. From the above, it is obvious that language is an essential part of human beings which they use for communication purpose. Therefore, every nation that wishes to have a meaningful transformation, must take the issue of its language very seriously. Nigeria is a typical example of a country that has not been taken the issue of language very seriously and this is part of the reasons for our backwardness in National Transformation. 2. 2: LANGUAGE AND NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION Transformation has to do with a complete change, usually into something with an improved appearance or usefulness. Transformation implies that there is an improvement of the well-being of the people. Transformation can be seen from two major angles, that is: from human and physical. For human, transformation should be seen in raising the levels of their living standard in terms of good income. Physical transformation is an aspect of transformation that does not necessarily change the living standard of the people like building skyscrapers, modern expressways and so on. Many people are poor because they cannot assume their citizens basic necessities of life. National Transformation is the growth of the nation in terms of unity, education and so on. It involves a coordinated and concentrated transformation of all aspects of the society, Elugbe (1990) as quoted by Okoye and Okafor (2011). For National Transformation and social changes to take a positive stand, the government should share most of her favourable policies to her target audience through the accessible mediums with acceptable language. The economic transformation of any nation also helps to define its transformational processes. As it is, the process of industrialization entails a background study of the nature of the environment and its suitability for the industry. This cannot be achieved without the use of language to transmit the ideas to the people concerned Unegbu (2011). The unity of a nation has to do with the need for the various ethnic groups in that nation to see themselves as one. It is certain that Nigeria as a nation is a geographical entity that is made up of several different groups ordinarily unrelated. I stand to said that there cannot be real national unity and transformation without a strong and genuine linguistic policy that is geared towards uniting the country 3. 0: WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is the process of sharing ideas, feelings, thoughts and messages with others. The heart of communication is the dissemination of effective messages to the audience and this may involve writing, speaking, gestures, disposition and facial expressions, among others. Communication has been given several definitions by various scholars. For instance, Little (1965:4) defines communication as: ââ¬Å"a process by which information is passed among individuals and organizations by means of previously agreed symbolsâ⬠. Lyons (1965:32) views it as ââ¬Å"an intentional transmission of information by means of some established signaling systemâ⬠. Book, et al (1980:8) sees communication as ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ a transactional symbolic process which allows people to relate and manage their environment by establishing human contact, exchanging information, re-enforcing the attitudes and behaviours of others and changing the attitudes and behaviours of others. By these definitions, communication therefore is a means of touching others through sharing of information in agreed system. 3. 1: FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Forms of communication have been derived for the sake of convenience to simplify the process of communication. Communication is very vital to keep the environment healthy and peaceful. Imagine a world where no one understands one another. Wouldnââ¬â¢t it be chaotic? Think about it. Communication of information, messages, opinions, speech and thoughts can be done through different forms of modern communication media, like Internet, Telephone and Mobile. Some of the basic ways of communication are by speaking, singing, sign language, body language, touch and eye contact. These basic ways of communication are used to transfer information and for the sake of this paper it shall be narrowed down into four: ? First is verbal communication, it is essentially the type of communication which uses words. It uses sounds in addition to the language, gestures and body language, while communicating. Verbal communication helps in expressing thoughts, emotions and sentiments. A phone conversation, chat with a friend, an announcement made or a speech delivered are all verbal forms of communication. For most of us, it comes with ease. As children, we learned verbal communication through the sounds around us. We soon develop and start understanding the language which helps us to communicate verbally as we grow older. Another is non-verbal communication. It is a process of communication without using words or sounds. Non-verbal communication uses gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, clothing, hairstyles and every part of the body to communicate with the audience. Dances or a gesture made by a mother to a child, are the perfect examples of non-verbal communication. ?Written communic ation is another form. This is where you write the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to the second party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for informal communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication see Daramola (2003). ?Fourthly is oral communication. This is the communication process conducted through spoken words. Oral communication is defined as the effective interpretation, composition, and presentation of information, ideas, and values to a specific audience. In todayââ¬â¢s world, the emergences of different forms of media have led to the communication process through different channels like telephones, tele-conferences, video conferences and what have you. Earlier, face-to-face meetings and speeches were the only forms of communication see also Daramola (2003). 3. 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION According to Daramola (2003), the characteristics of communication are as follows: oCommunication is dynamic, not static. It is continuous since there is no beginning and end to it in personââ¬â¢ life oIt is a complete process as it occurs at many levels and reflects many influences. oIt is irreversible. Once any message is sent and received, it produces effect on later messages. oIt is non sequential in that the elements are not rigidly patterned in a linear or circular manner. 3. 3: COM MUNICATION AND NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION National Transformation in Nigeria is a phenomenon that has so many meanings to different people though, all gear towards enhancing the living standard of the masses. Society as a whole cannot survive if the people are not properly informed of the way forward. And communication constitutes one of the instruments that precedes the education and re-education of the people providing changes in the society. Communication is a way of relaying a lot of information to a large segment of people. In communicating with the people, there is the communicator, the message, channel and the audience. As an ingredient for the advancement of the society, communication maintains a constant link between the people and National Transformation. The main purpose of communication is to create awareness to the public. Communication is the live wire for growth and transformation. It does not only eradicate ignorance and apathy, it aids to create awareness about happenings in the society. Lack of communication can lead to a total breakdown of activities in a society. Communication brings about freedom of speech and ideas. It gives everyone the privilege to participate in the formation of public matters. It keeps one abreast about transformational agenda and widens ones wealth of knowledge Unegbu (2011). Nigerian government need to use communication to help socio-economic and political advancement of the country and this will assist to mobilize the people towards the attainment of National Transformation of the country. With the use of communication and language, the government will be able to reach out to her numerous audiences in her policies and programmes. The aim at improving the standard of living of the masses, raising their consciousness towards protection and the defense of the nation for national interest cannot be achieved without proper communication. . 0: RECOMMENDATION The following recommendations may serve in improving the role language and communication plays in National Transformation. 1. Effort should be doubled at the teaching and learning of language and communication to meet international standards. 2. Education policy makers should make language and communication a compulsory course for all disciplines at the high education level in Nigeria. This will assist ev ery graduate (no matter his/her area of specialization) to acquire standard language and communication skills. . The teaching of language and communication should be more intensive. This implies that more hours should be allocated to language and communication class in our schools. 4. Teachers of language and communication should be trained and re-trained to enable them cope with the complexities involved in the teaching of the course. 5. 0: CONCLUSION Communication involves the use of language to pass information, transact, and exchange ideas and expressions of thought. This implies that, language is a fundamental symbol to communication. Language is not a natural instinct; it is acquired or learnt through the effective social stages like the family, peer-group and ethnic group. Man as a social and communicative animal must live, associate and interact with people in the society to achieve personal aspirations. All these is greatly enhanced and facilitated by effective communication. This paper has looked at language and communication in Nigerian environment as one of the ways of enhancing National Transformation. The point is that Nigeria as a country should develop language and communication to a level that every user can effectively and adequately handle it. This is in view of the fact that the Nigerians must be prepared for the challenges of international environment since transformation is not just something that is limited to within the boundaries of a given nation-state or country. The life of a nation will be short-circuited and meaningless without language and communication. Sustained communication is therefore made possible through language. How to cite The Role of Language and Communication in National Transfromation, Essays Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-44818729420976924282019-12-07T03:17:00.001-08:002019-12-07T03:17:03.904-08:00Business Communication Conflict Management Question: Discuss about the Business Communication for Conflict Management. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted business communication of Coits Outback Adventures. The company conducts a number of different activities, including tours of the outback. The company's main clients are international tourists, particularly Chinese. Coit's Outback Adventures operates from Melbourne, Australia. This report analyses the concept of effective team communication and conflict management in this context. As per the case study, it can be mentioned that this study has highlighted the importance of the interpersonal skills. In this connection, the importance of the development of effective listening and non verbal communication has developed. Effective team communication According to Ali (2014), teammates must develop trust, since it is not automatic. Accordingly, members must communicate more openly than they normally would in everyday life. There must be honesty on all ends of the team, since withholding the truth could damage the team's integrity. Team members should always share information and feelings between each other. This allows for total trust between the team members. In order to make a business successful, it is necessary to make a good collaboration among the employees and the executives. Therefore, the staffs of the organisation can efficiently give answers to the clients. As it can be seen that their major clients are Chinese, therefore, the staffs require to communicate fluently with the clients (Aslani et al., 2013). Research has found that three or more people working together on a project are much more effective than a single person spending all of his time doing the same thing. However, without communication, the three-plus team members can be as useless as if the project went untouched. On the contrary, Baillien et al., (2014) argued that due to the lack of communication, the performance of the organisation would be decreased. Teams that fail to communicate effectively wind up wasting time and energy doing busy work and other work that is not required because of a lack of understanding of what needs to be done. These team members also misunderstand each other and their personalities. This often leads to conflict within the group and a lack of trust between group members. Team members in groups that fail to communicate effectively wind up not understanding what makes them more efficient, because they fail to get feedback from everyone else in the group, and there is no one else that they can c ompare their work to (Gross et al., 2016). There is nothing more important to a company and a project's success than effective and clear communication among team members. Good communication provides benefits to the company and to the team members that practice it. When you have effective team communication, as Aristotle said, "The whole is more than the sum of its parts." Skillful team communication creates awareness and understanding that promotes proficiency as team members complete their tasks. The elements of good team communication help a company to achieve and sustain profit (Leon-Perez, Notelaers Leon-Rubio, 2016). In order to develop an effective team management to make the business successful, it can be mentioned that there are five approaches, which are discussed in the following: Be Clear. When members of a team areunclear on the goals of the teamand their individual responsibilities, team motivation and morale can suffer. The expectation must be set that if any team member is not clear; they have an obligation to ask. One simple trick to help team leaders overcome this barrier is to check for understanding at the end of each meeting (Masuda Kostopoulos, 2016). Be Present. When team members communicate with one another, each team member must make a commitment toreally listen, seek to understand one another, use appropriate body language and ask clarifying questions. Be Courteous. Probably one of the most overlooked Bs to effective team communication is the lack of good old fashion politeness. Not being courteous in communication can result in hard feelings towards team members and the potential for individuals on the team to put up walls. Cutting people off when they are talking, not saying thank you excuse me and please, personally attacking team members and being condescending are all examples of poor team manners that can result in poor work communication on teams (McCauley, 2015). Be Flexible. There are going to be times when not everyone on the team is going to agree with an opinion or on a decision that has been made. Team members need to be flexible enough to support decisions contrary to their own desires, given that their opinions have been shared and adequately heard. Supporting the decision doesnt mean that everyone has to agree, but they must be willing to help make whatever has been decided a success (Mohammadnezamy, Mahdieh Fatemi, 2014). Be Team members must be careful to never talk bad about each other. If you cant say something nice, dont say anything at all. Or, if you arent willing to address a problem with the person there, then dont.Refrain from gossip, it erodes the trust of those you are gossiping to and takes big chunks out of team morale. Conflict management As per the statement of Prenzel Vanclay (2014), a conflict arises when individuals have varied interests, opinions and thought processes and is just not willing to compromise with each other. It is always wise to adjust to some extent and try to find a solution to the problem rather than cribbing and fighting. Conflicts and disagreements only lead to negativity and things never reach a conclusion. It only adds on to the tensions and makes life hell. It actually leaves you drained and spoils your reputation. Every individual should try his level best to avoid conflict at the first place rather than resolving it later. Precautions must be taken at the right time to avoid a conflict. In the words of Roberson et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that conflict management goes a long way in strengthening the bond among the employees and half of the problems automatically disappear. Individuals must feel motivated at work and find every single day exciting and challenging. Before implementing any idea, it must be discussed with everyone and no one should ever feel ignored or left out. This way, every employee feels indispensable for the office and he strives hard to live up to the expectations of his fellow workers and in a way contributing to the organization in his best possible way. Conflict management avoids conflicts to a great extent and thus also reduces the stress and tensions of the employees. No one likes to carry his tensions back home and if the manager of the tourism organisation fight with the colleagues and other people, then the managers are bound to feel uncomfortable and restless even at home (Schlaerth, Ensari Christian, 2013). Therefore, conflict management also plays an important role in our personal lives. Tussles and fights spoil relationships and only increase our list of enemies. Everyone needs friends who will stand by us when we need them. Conflict must be avoided at homes as it spoils the ambience and spreads negativity. Individuals tend to disrespect others as a result of conflicts. Conflict management prevents fall out between family members, friends, relatives and makes life peaceful and stress free. Blame game never helps anyone, instead it makes life miserable. No idea can ever be implemented if the individuals fight among themselves (Wolff Yakinthou, 2013). Conflict management helps to find a middle way, an alternative to any problem and successful implementation of the idea. Problems must be addressed at the right time to prevent conflict and its adverse effects at a later stage. Through conflict management skills, an individual explores all the possible reasons to worry which might later lead to a big problem and tries to resolve it as soon as possible. Conflict Management is very important because it is always wise to prevent a fight at the first place rather than facing its negative consequences. Stress disappears, people feel motivated, happy and the world definitely becomes a much better place to stay as a result of conflict management. Conclusion This report shows the business communication of Coits Outback Adventure. This organisation usually conducted tours of the outback. The clients of the organisation are mainly Chinese. In this connection, this study has aimed to the importance of the development of interpersonal skills. The organisation also requires to communicate with the Chinese clients, therefore, the organisation requires to follow non verbal communication. This can make a successful relationship between the management and the employees. On the other hand, conflict management is required to follow by the organisation. This is the process of limiting the negative aspects ofconflictwhile increasing the positive aspects of conflict. The aim of conflict management is to enhancelearningand group outcomes, including effectiveness or performance in organizational setting. Recommendation In order to improve the performance of an organisation, it can be recommended that the organisation requires to aim to the importance of effective team communication and the conflict management. There are five types of conflict managements, which can be followed by the organisation. The five styles are such as Competing, Compromising, Collaborating, Avoiding, and Accommodating. Conflict management minimizes the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict with the goal of improving learning in an organization. References Ali, S. (2014). Post-disaster conflict management: crowd sourced governance at the local level. Innnual Conference of the International Association for Conflict Management, IACM 2014. Aslani, S., Ramirez-Marin, J., Semnani-Azad, Z., Brett, J. M., Tinsley, C. (2013). 10. Dignity, Face, and Honor cultures: implications for negotiation and conflict management.Handbook of research on negotiation,249. Baillien, E., Bollen, K., Euwema, M., De Witte, H. (2014). Conflicts and conflict management styles as precursors of workplace bullying: A two-wave longitudinal study.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(4), 511-524. Gross, M., Wallace, M., Adair, W., Neuman, E., Aarts, N., Ayoko, O., ... Amsler, L. B. (2016). Negotiation and Conflict Management Research. Leon-Perez, J. M., Notelaers, G., Leon-Rubio, J. M. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of conflict management training in a health sector organization: evidence from subjective and objective indicators.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,25(1), 1-12. Masuda, A. D., Kostopoulos, K. C. (2016). Performance in Teams: The Role of Conflict-Management Styles, Team and Leadership Identity.Rethinking Innovation: Global Perspectives, 238. McCauley, C. (2015). What are students' perspectives on the quality of the Conflict Management Program?. Mohammadnezamy, E., Mahdieh, O., Fatemi, A. (2014). The relationship between conflict management and the acquisition and sharing of knowledge.Arth prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management,3(3), 9-29. Prenzel, P. V., Vanclay, F. (2014). How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, 30-37. Roberson, P. N., Fish, J. N., Olmstead, S. B., Fincham, F. D. (2015). College Adjustment, Relationship Satisfaction, and Conflict Management A Cross-Lag Assessment of Developmental Spillover.Emerging adulthood, 2167696815570710. Schlaerth, A., Ensari, N., Christian, J. (2013). A meta-analytical review of the relationship between emotional intelligence and leaders constructive conflict management.Group Processes Intergroup Relations,16(1), 126-136. Wolff, S., Yakinthou, C. (Eds.). (2013).Conflict management in divided societies: theories and practice. Routledge. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-60725716942539173792019-11-29T14:58:00.001-08:002019-11-29T14:58:03.354-08:00Huck Finn Superstition Essays - Picaresque Novels, Huck Finn Superstition Mark Twain saturates the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with many examples of superstition and myths. These aspects of the novel help the story progress, they provide entertainment and help the story identify with the time. The most important reason for the superstition and the rituals that come along with them are they are one of the main reasons for the adventure in the first place. There are many examples throught the story of the superstition from the spider in the candle to the rattle-snake skin and the hair-ball. One of the first examples of superstition is a simple thing that carried some of the biggest consequences.?One morning I happened to turn over the saltcellar at breakfast. I reached for some of it as quick as I could to throw over my left shoulder and keep off the bad luck, but Miss Watson was in ahead of me, and crossed me off. ?This is an example of how everything superstition has a ritual to remove the bad luck. Huck was not satisfied thought with what the widow had done for him he says ?The widow put in a good word for me, but that warn't going to keep off the bad luck, I knowed that well enough.? This fear of bad luck was acompanied by seeing his fathers shoe prints in the snow so Huck knew he had to do something. What Huck ended up doing was going to Miss Watson's slave Jim who had a magical hair-ball. When Huck goes to find out what the hairball can tell him Jim tells Huck that the hairball needs money to tell his fortune. All Huck had however is a conterfiet quarter. Jim managed to make it work though by sticking it inside a potato to fool the hair-ball. What the hair ball ended up telling them is this ?Yo'ole fathe doan' know yit what he's a gwyne to do. Somtimes he spec he'll go ?way, en den ag'in he spec he'll stay. De bes' way is tores easy enlet so ole man take his own way. Dey's two angels hoverin' roun' ?bout him. One uv'em's light en t'other one is dark. One is rich en t' other is po'. You's gwyne to marry de po' one fust en de rich one by en by. You wants to keep ?way fum de water as much as you kin, en don't run no resk, ?kase it's down in de bills dat you's gwyne to git hung.?. Without these cases of bad luck Huck's father might have never shown up and there would be no reason to leave. So with out the superstition there would be no adventure. Book Reports Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-16854743674624808752019-11-25T17:42:00.001-08:002019-11-25T17:42:04.494-08:00essay guinness Essaysessay guinness Essays essay guinness Paper essay guinness Paper The University of Westminster Westminster Business School Module Title: Principles of Marketing COURSEWORK TWO REFLECTIVE ESSAY Student Name: Jonas Franck-Winther student ID: 145858611 Seminar Leader Name: Ilya Girson word count: 1085 Date: 5/12-2013 1. Principles of marketing The essence of marketing is value creation, where the goal is a long-term satisfaction by building relationships and attracting new customers by offering better value than the competition. Because marketing is based on exchanges where the objective is for all parties in the exchange to feel satisfied and gain some kind of value Cobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). Customer value is determined on how the customer perceives the benefits of a product and the sacrifice that is associated with the purchase, so when the perceived performance matches or exceeds expectations it provides customer satisfaction Cobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). Customer satisfaction can lead to customer loyalty and profitability, because it can cost up to five times more to attract a new customer than to maintain an existing one. Loyalty is a reaction that a customer shows, when they repeatedly return to the same supplier, because they are atisfied with the products or services they receive Cobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). Hence, whether the aim is to build relationships with customers or to offer short-term incentives to customer loyalty, then you need to focus on your marketing strategies by applying an effective marketing mix Cobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). The classical marketing mix consists of product, price, promotion and place. These four key elements are used to create a competitive advantage, which is the achievement of superior performance through differentiation to provide superior customer value r by managing to achieve lowest delivered cost. So an effective marketing mix is aeslgnea Dy ensurlng tnat It satlsTy customer needs, creates a competltlve advantage, is well mixed of the four elements and matches corporate resources Cobber and Ellis- Chadwick, 2013). 2. Guinness principles of marketing Guinness marketing is focused on the consumers by offering what they want, which are quality. The company want to deliver high quality standards and uses it as an advantage to stand out on the market by offering a stout beer, which is made from heir own raw materials, on high-level of equipment and having employers with well- trained capability (Vanguard, 2013), because they believe that you cannot make money from people unless you are willing for people to make money from you (Sohn, 2013). They have also increased their focus on the marketing of Guinness brand name in 2013 by E34 million to boost its quality association on the beer market, so the drinkers get a feeling of quality when they taste a Guinness. This strategy is based on their market research, which confirm that consumers associate a quality int with a quality pub and 80% of male drinkers believe getting the quality of serve right is more important in draught beer than in any other drink category (Charles, 2013). Therefore Guinness manages to implant a special place in the collective consumer conscience, which leads the consumer into thinking about the great heritage and consistency in quality they possess, wherever it is sold (Diego, 2013). This can be seen in their advertising and communication of slogan, which says that Good things come to those who wait, which is referring to the time it takes to pour a erfect Guinness. Furthermore they launched a new marketing slogan called Made of More, which states that Guinness is better than their competitors on the beer market, because they are providing more than Just the experience of a great beer. This slogan is also related to the old history of the company by the special way of pouring a Guinness and its traditional look (Guinness a, 2013). Another key element of the Made of More advertising is reaching the consumers values on many different levels by telling stories, that reflects human values and present the brand in clear way, which distinguish themselves from their competitors and breaks the industry stereotype, who usually focus on football, party and hot women in their advertising (Taube, 2013). The human values from their advertising signals the importance of doing things together with your friends and how Guinness should be enjoyed in social contexts (Guinness a, 2013). To summarize that, Guinness wants to ensure that the whole company signals high quality on everything of what they do and reflect human values in their advertising to distinguish themselves from their ompetitors, so they can have a competitive advantage and establish a value brand (Vanguard, 2013). 3. Analysis marketing principles of Guinness The analysis is based on the understanding of the principles of market and the marketing principles of Guinness. Guinness is a marketing-orientated company, who follow the principles of marketing by getting close to their customers and demands, so tney can unaerstana tnelr needs ana acnleve pront ana oDJectlves Dy satlsTylng the customers better than the competition. This marketing strategy is very suitable or Guinness and works very well, since they are the best selling stout beer in the world and have a competitive advantage on the stout market that distinguish them from their competitors on the beer market (Guinness b, 2003). The competitive advantage is based on their product, promotion and place in the marketing mix by offering a high quality product that meets the customers demand, which match a report from brand index on Samuel Adams day, where the customers on the beer market have ranked Guinness as number two in quality out of all major beer brands (Marzilli, 2013). The promotion of Guinness also breaks the beer industry stereotype by using new innovative advertising on the communication of beer market, which distinguishes them from their competitors by relating the beer to human values. Furthermore Guinness place is brewed in 50 countries and sold in countries, which gives a solid distribution channel worldwide and move them closer to their customers. Based on that, Guinness has achieved a differential advantage through a strong brand personality and they have built a loyal relationship with their customers. 4. Conclusion This reflective essay concludes that the principle of marketing is based on creating consumer value to maintain and attract new consumers by satisfying their needs. Guinness marketing strategy is focused on the consumers demand by offering a high quality stout beer and making innovative advertising that breaks the beer industry stereotype by reflecting human values, which distinguish them from their competitors on the market. Thereby, Guinness has achieved a competitive advantage by having an effective marketing mix, which makes them the best selling stout beer in the world. 5. References Books: David Jobber and Fiona Ellis-Chadwick (2013). Principles and practice of marketing. 7th edition. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education. Online articles: Our strategy is to have the best and necessary brands Guinness Director. Vanguard, 2013. Vanguard News. [ONLINE] Available at: vanguardngr. com/2013/01/ our-strategy-is-to-have-the-best-and-necessary-brands-guinness-director/ God and Guinness: The Missional Drink that Changed the World. Paul Sohn. 2013. Marketing Week. [ONLINE] Available at: http://paulsohn. org/god-and-guinness-the-missional- rink-changed-the-world/ Guinness reinvents Surfer Ad for Quality marketing push. Gemma Charles. 013. Marketing Week. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www. marketingmagazine. co. uk/article/1210008/guinness-reinvents-surfer-ad-quality- marketing-push Guinness launches E12m bid to push quality to push quality credentials. Sebastian Joseph. 2013. Marketing Week. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www. marketingweek. co. uk/news/guinness-launches-12m-bid-to-push-quality- creoentlals/4UU/ / /Y. artlcle Guinness. Diego. 2013 Dlego P AvallaDle at: d iageo. com/en-row/ourbrands/infocus/Pages/lnFocus-Guinness. spx Guinness a. 2013. Guinness Advertising. ONLINE] Available at: http:// www. guinness. com/en-gb/AdsGallery. html? adsclass=classic=world An incredible New Guinness Ad Breaks The Industry Stereotype. Aaron Taube. 2013. Business insider. [ONLINE] Available at: businessinsider. com/new- guinness-ad-breaks-the-mold-2013-9 Guinness b. 2013. Guinness facts. [ONLINE] Available at: guinness-storehouse. com/en/FactSheets. aspx Samuel Adams tops beer brands. Ted Marzilli. 2013. YouGov. [ONLINE] Avaiable at: http:// today. yougov. com/news/2013/09/25/samuel-ada ms-tops- beer- brands/ Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-38393154369858398222019-11-22T01:06:00.001-08:002019-11-22T01:06:02.813-08:00Engineering project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsEngineering project management - Assignment Example A large number of employees would increase the rate at which the work will be done and increasing chances of completing the project on time (Panneerselvam & Senthilkumar 2009). The contractor may also employ other technologies and equipment instead of using manpower. The use of machines instead of humans to do certain tasks is normally advantageous since the tasks can be done at high rates there by increasing the chances of completing the project on time (Nagarajan 2007). The contractor may also divide the project into small and more manageable units, and each unit should have a goal to achieve. As for the case of the company, the organization should give additional funding to contract so as to fund the additional works as well as fund additional manpower and/or any new equipment acquired for the task. Another solution that might help the company meet its aims is that the organization may consider subcontracting sections of the order while it is still waiting for the new equipment to be installed. (Word count: 248) Question 2: Safety and Health ramifications and Time scale a) Time scale ramifications Due to safety concerns associated with asbestos, the scope of the project is likely to be changed (removal of the existing duct and its contents). The changing of the scope would mean that other constrains such as time and cost will be adjusted accordingly (Kanda 2011). This means that the project deliverable (installing a new machineââ¬â¢s base) will not be produced on time. The consequence of not completing this project on time is dire to the company since the organization might lose an important order, and due to the cost investment made on the new equipment the organization might be forced to close down. This means that delaying the installation of the base of the new machine is not an option for the organization. b) Safety and Health ramifications Employees are amongst the most important elements for organizations; therefore, there health should be made pri ority (CCH 2009). In addition, safety of environments in which employees work must conform to occupational safety and health standards (Lingard & Rowlinson 2005). Compromising the health of workers by making them work alongside these asbestos ducts would affect health, and consequently their productivity will also be affected (CCH 2009). The organization may also risk being closed down for not following occupational safety standards and regulation. (Word count: 202) Question 3: Consequences of the organization following strict time scales regardless of the presence asbestos a) Consequences If the organization decides to meet the strict time scale without regarding the presence asbestos, the consequences may be dire to the organization. First, as earlier mentioned the employees of the organization may be exposed asbestos to limits more than those specified by occupational health and safety authorities of the region in the organization is operating. The result of this is that the empl oyees may contract heart and lung related ailments, which may in turn affect their productivity (CCH 2009). This means that the organization may fail to meet its current production levels as well as the sales target. Another consequence of following the strict deadline without regarding the presence of asbestos is that the organization may be closed down by the safety and health occupation authority in the area in which it is operating for violating the recommended threshold values of the asbestos. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-23404550531351476542019-11-20T18:56:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:56:05.978-08:00Single Parent Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsSingle Parent Families - Essay Example The mother takes the responsibility of the nurturing of the children at home, while the father is the bread earner for the family. With the well defined duties of the mother and the father, the children are brought up in an environment that is conducive for their excellent psychological nurturing and emotional counseling. In single parent families, the whole load of responsibilities of the two parents has to be solely borne by one parent. The parent has to both earn the bread for the children and also ensure that the children get all the attention they require. This is certainly extremely difficult to achieve in the absence of a partner. In the contemporary age, cost of living is sky high. In many families, both of the parents have to work in order to make both ends meet. In such circumstances, when a single parent remains out for work for a major portion of the day, he/she can not take care of the children at home. They are prone to kidnapping and physical abuse by neighbors, servan ts or other outsiders. Besides, the parent can not afford to keep tutors and manage their salaries within the scanty hard earned money. Because of this, the children become weak academically like all other areas. The children also have no less hard time than their parent. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-96321278511664782019-11-18T20:12:00.001-08:002019-11-18T20:12:03.828-08:00Discuss the differences between leadership and management. Is there a AssignmentDiscuss the differences between leadership and management. Is there a difference If so, how - Assignment Example The managers in management tend to be under control, often rational and problem solvers. They put a lot of emphasis on the predetermined objectives, personnel, structures and availability of resources. The personalities of these kinds of people mostly seem to have strong will, persistence, intelligence and analysis. Leaders are often referred as mercurial and brilliant people who possess great charisma. Despite the fact that the leaders are private people and loners, they are usually comfortable of taking risks is it crazy or wild risks. Most of the leaders have high levels of creativity and imagination. Leadership puts a lot of focus in leading people while management only concentrates at managing the people. Management is more of task oriented and concerned with results. Leadership is people oriented and puts its attention on achievements (Gunter, 2005). The approach towards tasks of the two methods of running an organization clearly differentiates them. Management creates policies, strategies, and methods that facilitate the combination of teams and ideas to enhance smooth running of operations. They people through obtaining their views, principles, and values. They do this having in mind that the combination will decrease the inherent success and lead to success. Leadership, on the contrary, looks at the problems at a different angle and devises new and creative solutions. Due to their great charisma and intense commitment, they bring excitement, motivation, and focus to other people to come up with solutions and excel. In management the organizations are ran through styles such as dictatorial, transactional, authoritative, autocratic, democratic and consultative since power is got through formal authority and position. This is quite different in leadership as it practices indulging styles such as Transformational, Participative a nd Consultative styles due to the charisma and influence they possess (Schermerhorn, Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-35139786414472068762019-11-16T08:44:00.001-08:002019-11-16T08:44:06.718-08:00Functional Analysis of Behaviour Clinical and Ethical IssuesFunctional Analysis of Behaviour Clinical and Ethical Issues Discuss the clinical and ethical issues involved inà conducting a Functional Analysis of behaviour whenà working with a client with a learning disability. Whatà evidence is there that this is an effective approach? Word count: Contents (Jump to) Introduction A Holistic approach The case for employing the functional analysis of behaviour approach Difficulties with functional analysis Functional analysis in everyday clinical practice Case study using functional analysis Ethical issues relating to the functional analysis approach Combining different approaches Conclusion References Faced with challenging behaviours shown by people with learning disabilities, the psychologist must decide which analytical approach ââ¬â behavioural, biophysical, ecological or psychodynamic ââ¬â will best facilitate appropriate therapeutic interventions. A number of wide-ranging reviews of the available literature, together with meta-analyses of this area, indicate that interventions based on the behavioural approach offers the most effective way forward. The behavioural approach advocates that all behaviour is learned, and that behaviours are functions of the interplay between an individual and various factors within his/her environment In his meta-analysis, Didden (1996) concludes that there is ââ¬Å"a convincing level of change in terms of reducing challenging behaviour through systematically applied behavioural approachesâ⬠, and that behavioural approaches are much more effective than, for example, medication. The behavioural approaches used to tackle difficult/challenging behaviour fall into three main categories: [RZ1]ââ¬Å"Differential Reinforcementâ⬠involves what is essentially a reward system, whereby an individual is encouraged to exhibit appropriate, rather than challenging, behaviour. ââ¬Å"Gentle Teachingâ⬠aims to minimise or eliminate problematic behaviour by creating an environment in which bonding, ; interdependence and mutual respect are paramount, thereby eliminating the need for challenging behaviour. The teaching of functionally equivalent responses involves firstly a ââ¬Å"Functional Analysisâ⬠of a particular problematic behaviour, followed by the teaching of more appropriate behaviour, which serves the same function. When attempting to decide on an appropriate intervention strategy, there is a body of evidence to suggest that the last of these three approaches ââ¬â the functional analysis ââ¬â can, if conducted properly, provide an invaluable pointer as to what type of therapeutic intervention might be appropriate. This essay will explore the clinical advantages and disadvantages of using a functional analysis of behaviour when working with clients with learning disabilities, examining the research in this area (much of which indicates that this is a generally successful approach) and look at the ethical issues arising from this particular psychological approach. Definition: Learning Disability A report from the British Psychological Society (BPS 2004), on Clinical Practice Guidelines for interventions for people with learning disabilities and Severely Challenging Behaviour ââ¬Å"states thatà ,if an individual is to be reasonably regarded as having a ââ¬Å"learning disability the individualââ¬â¢s intellectual and adaptive/social functions must both be significantly impaired; and the condition must have existed before the onset of adulthood. An extremely broad-ranging group of learning-disabled individuals fall within these parameters. Definition: Challenging Behaviour The following definition by Emerson et al (1988) is widely regarded as a sound working definition: ââ¬Å"Severely challenging behaviour refers to behaviour of such an intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or delay access to and use of ordinary community facilities.â⬠The nature of the ââ¬Å"challenging behaviourâ⬠(the causes and functions of which can be many and diverse) itself has been described as ââ¬Å"behaviour which: places the individual or others in physical danger; results in destruction of their immediate environment; causes at least an hourââ¬â¢s disruption; or behaviour which limits or delays access to ordinary community facilitiesâ⬠(Scottish Office, 1998). Challenging behaviours may involve verbal or physical aggression, self-harm behaviour, and other non-injurious (but nevertheless undesirable) behaviours. Challenging behaviour is generally understood to be triggered by the interaction between variables within individuals themselves (mood, health, etc.) and variables within their social and physical environment.[RZ2] Functional analysis are comprises various methods, all with the aim of establishing the link between antecedents, behaviour and its consequences. (Kazdin,1994) More specifically, functional analysis are is a tools to reveal reinforcing conditions[RZ4], I am translating from Norwegian)..established operations and triggers for problem behaviour. (Vold, 2005) This information is then used for customizing interventions and treatment for the person in question. This definition includes all systematic methods that examine the root cause(s) of a certain behaviour. These methods include interviews and standardised tools like MAS (Durand, 1990) and FAI (Oââ¬â¢Neill et al, 1997), different methods of observations of the person in his/hers environment, likce ââ¬Å"scatter plotâ⬠(Touchette et al, 1985) and ABC charts ( antecedent-behaviour-consequence ) charts. (Bijou et al, 1968) In addition, we there arehave the experimental methods, also called analogue conditions. These methods consists of the a systematiccally testing and manipulation of events (or other factors[RZ5]), which are thought to be associated with the occurrence of problem behavior. It is therefore a means of formally examining the relationship between specific events and the particular problematic/challenging behaviors of an individual in a specific environment. (Iawata, et al, ,1982) These methods complement each other, but by using one ââ¬â or a combination of them the ââ¬Å"functional analystâ⬠aims to have a much clearer idea of the triggers of, and the purposes served by, a specific behaviour. It should also be pointed out that functional analysis can be used in either a clinical application or as a valuable research method (Vollmer and Smith, 1996). Furthermore, Vollmer and Smith concluded that functional analysis could be used to identify individuals with the specific behavioural functions[RZ6] required enabling psychologists to pursue specific avenues of research (while bearing in mind that functional analysis does not always yield conclusive results). Rather than simply looking at the functional analysis as a means of dealing with challenging behaviours, Groden and LeVasseur 111posit a more holistic approach, which takes into account ââ¬Å"the dynamic relationship between the individual, his or her skills and the environment, including the stressors, in which the behaviour occurs.â⬠A behavioural assessment method, which has stood the test of timeme, is detailed in Groden et al (1996).[RZ7] Using this method, the behavioural assessment data for each individual is obtained from a number of sources. The procedure not only involves including a functional analysis of the target behaviour, but also an ecological inventory, a Stress Survey Schedule, and reinforcement surveys. The information is then placed in an illustrated A-B-C format, with each illustration designed to match the individuals intellectual abilities and reinforcers. It depicts the preferred mode of behaviour, which the person with a learning disability can use in a specific problematic scenario. In the early years of the use of the functional analysis by psychologists working with people with learning disabilities who exhibited challenging behaviour, four key functions were identified: attentionattention- seeking, escape (task or social avoidance),; sensory reinforcement, and tangible events (Carr, 1994). Functional analysis can uncover new functional properties of problem behaviour, but it is also necessary to develop additional strategies to address the complexities of an individualââ¬â¢s normal (i.e. non-experimental) environment. One such approach is the hypothesis-driven model developed by Repp et al (1988), which is based on both direct observation and the analysis of antecedent and consequent events. In the seminal paper ââ¬Å"Psychological interventions for severely challenging behaviours shown by people with learning disabilities ââ¬â Clinical Practice Guidelinesâ⬠, the British Psychological Society established step-by-step ââ¬Å"gold standardâ⬠guidelines for those who wish to employ the functional analysis of behaviour approach. (BPS, 2004) Having gained the appropriate consent[RZ8], the process should commence with the Pre-assessment, (a term first employed by Toogood and Timlin (1996)), at which stage the psychologist engages in initial information gathering, with a view to honing the initial focus of the psychological assessment. At the Assessment stage, the assessor collects and then evaluates all appropriate information about the person with a learning disability, the environment (both social and physical) and the challenging behaviour exhibited by the individual. These steps should enable the psychologist to collect the information required to create a well-structured psychological assessment and an appropriate intervention strategy, and to establish a baseline, which will enable the psychologist to measure the success of any intervention. At the Formulation stage, the psychologist draws up a hypothesis about the nature of the specific behavioural problem(s), thereby providing a guide to subsequent clinical activity as well as establishing key evaluation criteria. It will also specify the target of any intervention. At the Intervention stage, the psychologist will endeavour to change the individualââ¬â¢s problematic behaviour in an appropriate manner, utilising both technical psychological expertise as well asnd the detailed information previously accumulated about the individual and his/her environment. At the Evaluation stage, the success/effectiveness of the intervention(s) will be weighed up and carefully considered. The process is finalised at the self-explanatory Feedback stage (from and to all interested parties, first and foremost the person with a learning disability). In the course of their study, Vollmer and Smith (1996) concluded that functional analysis has its limitations. Most importantly, some interventions derived from functional analysis can be difficult to carry out while still maintaining non-intrusive procedural integrity. Martin et al (1999) demonstrated that there can be problems in interpreting the data arising from functional analysis in an experimental context. For the purposes of their study, the validity of a functional analysis was investigated using three different data-interpretation methodologies (two previously utilised methods, and ââ¬Å"criterion Zâ⬠created by the authors). They ultimately concluded that all three methods were equally unsatisfactory as a way of establishing the function of a particular behaviour. [RZ9] It should also be remembered (Freeman, Special Connections website). that challenging behaviour does not always have a specific function. It is possible,; instead, that ââ¬Å"internal sensory feedbackâ⬠is responsible for triggering an individualââ¬â¢s challenging behaviour. Such behaviours tend to occur when the person with a learning disability is alone, or arise in many quite different and contrasting social scenarios, and may be the result of internal, rather than external, reinforcers.[RZ10] Lack of agreement about function across different methods After carrying out a thorough functional analysis, a psychologist (or other practitioner) should be in a position to identify the cause-effect relationship between an environmental ââ¬Å"triggerâ⬠and a specific behaviour. However, different approaches to functional analysis appear to give conflicting results. Toogood and Timlin (1996) looked at the three approaches to functional analysis described above and found a low level of agreement between each of the different approaches in relation to their understanding of the target behavioursââ¬â¢ functions. The importance of identifying idiosyncratic variables A very wide range of stimuli can trigger challenging behaviour. Because a wide range of unanticipated variables can come into play, certain some of which may appear to be apparently insignificant, but which are in factin fact key, these variables can may be overlooked during the initial assessment, thereby giving rise to misleading results. An important study by Carr et al (1997) underlined the necessity of identifying specific ââ¬Å"idiosyncraticâ⬠(or unanticipated) variables. In this particular study, each of the three clients was autistic (and regarded, broadly speaking, as learning disabled) and had exhibited problem behaviours such as aggression, self-harm and vandalism. Interviews and direct observations indicated that these challenging behaviours might serve the functions of attention gaininggaining attention or escape. On subsequent and closer examination using Carrââ¬â¢s ABC, narrative protocol, however, it became apparent that specific ââ¬Å"idiosyncraticâ⬠stimulus variables (or the absence thereof) had a major influence on the results of the functional analysis. In the final stage of the study, the specific idiosyncratic stimulus variables which had been observed in a naturalistic environmental context (small hand-held objects, and the presence of puzzles/magazines in the room) were manipulated[RZ11] in an experimental context (a room with a two-way mirror that facilitated the video-taping of the proceedings) with a view to establishing their effect on the outcome of the functional analysis. While this study generally endorsed the usefulness of the functional analysis approach, it underlined the importance of meticulous attention to detail to ensure the accurate identification of behavioural-stimulus variables which that were not immediately obvious. Failure to do so would have significantly altered the outcomes of functional analyses. The authors concluded that that tailored guidelines should be in place when it is suspected (because there is a discrepancy between information arising from interviews and actual observed behaviours; when different results occur in different locations; or if the results differ from day to day) that idiosyncratic stimuli may be significant triggers for the behaviours being studied, e.g. .because there is a discrepancy between information arising from interviews and actual observed behaviours, or when different results occur in different locations, or if the results differ from day to day. Taking into account the above-described difficulties, together with the fact that a thorough functional analysis is time consuming,. pPsychologists in everyday clinical work are faced with a number of challenges. Some of these are of ethical nature and will be discussed later, whilst others are more practical issues. It follows from the initial definition of functional analysis used in this essay that the term is applied for different procedures, each presenting both the practitioner and the client with different challenges and benefits. In addressing the fact that time limitations can often compromise attempts to complete a thorough functional analysis in its more experimental design, Wallace and Iwata (1999) examined the extent to which variations in session duration (5,10five, ten, and 15 minutes) affected the outcome of a functional analysis. Their findings led to the conclusion that brief sessions did not give less clarity than longer sessions. An important study by Derby et al (1992) provided a analysis of the success of brief functional analysis. This study presents a summary of the results of 79 cases which used functional assessment procedures in order to determine how often the brief functional assessment successfully identified the triggers of aberrant behaviour, and whether the treatments based on the assessment were effective. Given that only 90 minutes were generally allocated to outpatient evaluations in the instructions of interest to the authors, Derby et al adapted the functional analysis procedures described by Carr and Durand (1985) accordingly. They went on to publish a report summarising the results of 79 cases in an effort to establish whether functional assessments correctly identified the ââ¬Å"specific maintaining conditions of aberrant behaviourâ⬠,â⬠and if subsequent treatments were effective. In each of the 79 studies, clients were, under pre-specified conditions, evaluated by direct observation of behaviour. Of the 63% of the cases studied in which functional analysis correctly identified the function of aberrant behaviour, 77% resulted in effective treatment. This finding suggests that the abbreviated 90-minute functional assessment can in many cases successfully lead to successful treatments. These ââ¬Å"short-cutsâ⬠should not, however, entirely replace the full-scale, thoroughly researched, non time-limited functional analysis, but can be viewed as a viable ââ¬Å"second bestâ⬠alternative when available time is limited. It should be noted that tThe ecological validity of functional analysis methodology has been questioned (Martin et al, 1999) as the assessments take place outside the natural environment where the problematic behaviour usually takes place. When relying upon informant-based and/or descriptive methods, other problems arise, and psychologists need to ask themselves questions about the informantsââ¬â¢ capacities to record observations without traces of interpretation. For example, tThe fact that clients are being observed may well influence their behaviour and invalidate results. In an inpatient setting, the mere presence of an observer may change the ecological environment, which will affect all the clientsââ¬â¢ behaviour, and the antecedents and/or triggers for the target behaviour will be increased or decreased, and the data may be invalidated. Carr and Durand (1985) have provided evidence that the functional analysis approach can give rise to effective intervention strategies. They posit that, broadly speaking, ââ¬Å"challenging behaviour fulfils four main functions : These are (a) a means of gaining attention (b) an ââ¬Ëââ¬Å"escape from demandsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (c) a ââ¬Ëââ¬Å"tangible reinforcementââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ and (d) a means of obtaining ââ¬Å"sensory stimulationâ⬠. A form foofr self injuring behaviour , for instance, head banging , may well fit into one or more of these functions.. But the head banging doesnââ¬â¢t fails to tell us whether the person is doing it because of frustration, hallucinations, anger or a middle ear infection.[RZ12] It is widely recognised that people with learning disabilities often have limited verbal communication ability. Many may therefore rely on non-verbal means of expressing themselves, especially in regards to communicating emotions. As a whole, people with learning disability are more prone to suffer from mental illness, personality disorders, anxiety and depression than the rest of the population. But whatever function the challenging behaviour fulfils, it can be seen as a form of learned communication that previously has fulfilled the needs of the person with a learning disability. A person with a learning disability who gains a caregiverââ¬â¢s undivided attention (even if the caregiverr is angry or irritated) more readily by shouting than by talking politely will tend to conclude that the most efficient and effective way to get the carerââ¬â¢s attention is to engage in the aforementioned challenging behaviour. A self-injury by a person with a learning disability may result in a show of gratifying concern from a carer. This ââ¬Å"positiveâ⬠outcome may lead to repetition of the self-injurious behaviour. One or more problem behaviours can, in certain circumstances, serve the same function, and can occur in a chain of escalating seriousness (e.g. minor fiddling with a small object leading on to the violent hurling of a larger object, minor complaints leading to vicious abuse). Awareness of this can enable a caregiverr to intervene early in the ââ¬Å"chain,â⬠, thus minimising negative consequences (i.e. events which come directly after an instanc e of problematic behaviour (Albin et al, 1995). Caregivers should be careful not to simply assume that a consequence is regarded as a ââ¬Å"punishmentâ⬠, and should consider whether the supposed punishment decreases or in fact increases the undesirable behaviour. For example, iIn a setting such as a hospital for people with learning disabilities detained under the Mental Health Act, for example, consequences such as restraint or even seclusion may actually be increaseing the incidence of challenging behaviour, as the behaviour in question can provide a means of gratification. The following case study shows how a functional analysis was useful to show the likely presence of these factors at play with a woman with a learning disability detained under the Mental Health Act in a medium secure unit. Case study: The 25 year old woman had a dual diagnosis of learning disability and a mental illness.[RZ13] She was admitted to a mixed gender ward with both male and female staff. She was a very big and strong lady and her challenging behaviour, which took the form of attacks for no apparent reason, posed a threat both to staff and fellow patients. Prior to herBy admission, a pre ââ¬â assessment and initial risk assessment had been carried out. This was followed up by an initial assessment, carried out by nursing staff who recorded theing frequency and severity of her challenging behaviour in an ABC chart, as well as monitoreding activities and situations the patient she seemed to enjoy. Her mental health symptoms were treated with the recommended drugs. The data collected showed up to four weeks without challenging behaviour that wasnââ¬â¢t easily deflated. On At occasion (during a one-to-two week period)s she could, however, during a one to two weeks period, display behaviour that at least once a day lead to necessary restraint by staff. The intervention put in placeà included allocation of a specific health care worker that would initiate activities that the patient she liked doing and instruction to staff to redirectà her when she was becoming restless. Due to her lack of communication skills, key staff was trained in specific ways of communicating with her. After approximately six6 months there was a marked increased frequency in the incidents of challenging behavior as well as in the duration and violence involved. . Although the patientââ¬â¢sher communication skills had improved and her daily activities had been refined to suit her strengths and interests, her attacks became so viciously that seclusion became an unfortunate necessity at least three times a month, usually within the same week. As no new antecedents were detected, a functional analysis was carried out , which included the three main methods, was carried out: Nursing staff continued to observe her the patient continuously and filled in ABC charts. Records were taken of her sleeping pattern, food and drink intake and menstrual cycle (informant-based method). Any changes in the ward were recorded, i.e. new admissions, staff leaving and new staff appointed. Assistant psychologists observed her on the ward and recorded behaviour on during 5 five-minute s intervals (direct observation). The clinical psychologist, who also had participated in observations, analysed the data and drew up a hypothesis about the nature of the increased challenging behaviour. On this basis of this, variables in the patientââ¬â¢s environment were, one at athe time, changed and tested (experimental method). The data collection demonstrated that the incidents of challenging behaviour peaked at a certain time in her menstrual period, indicating a hormonal factor. This factor alone was not conclusive enough on its own to account for her behaviour. It was treated as a setting factor that increased the probability of incidents, when short-term triggers were also present. The observations also carried out highlighted that when restraint was necessary, male staff carried it out, due to the patientââ¬â¢s size and strength, mainly did this. When there wereith only female staff working inon the ward, there was a significant reduction in her attacks, provided that she was being kept occupied by staff to avoid boredom. The policy and procedures for seclusion made it mandatory for staff to remove clothing that she might use to hurt herself with. Although female staff always carried out removal of clothing, she was still being placed in restraints by male staff. Direct observations and staff reports suggested that the presence of male staff during this process escalated her behaviour. Most importantly, however, was the correlation between her challenging behaviour and the presence of a specific male member of the staff. Nursing reports showed that when he was off duty, the clientââ¬â¢s challenging behaviour never reached the level when seclusion was necessary. Furthermore, observations showed that she was always happy to greet this member of staffstaff member when he arrived for work, and she frequently sought him out for help or company.[RZ14]. The interventions implemented were to moveà the male member of staffstaff member to another ward for a period of time and toà stop male staff participation intervention in the restraint processrestraints. Guidelines were implemented to ensure that the patient she was dressed in clothes she could safely wear if seclusion was necessary. The cA contraceptive pill was prescribed in order to keep her hormone level in balance, and a program with intermittent positive reinforcement was developed to re-introduce a certain interaction with male staff.[RZ15] The intervention was successful insofar that heras the patientââ¬â¢s challenging behaviour decreased. It demonstrates the effectiveness of a functional analysis as well as the danger of interventions become too intrusive. But it also, it highlights many of the ethical challenges a practitioner might face when working with people with learning disability and challenging behaviour.[RZ16] Given that the vast majority of individuals with learning disabilities are highly vulnerable to abuse, neglect and exploitation, it is vital that an ââ¬Å"ethical frameworkâ⬠exists, within which practitioners can operate when using the functional analysis approach. The practitioner must also ensure the following: that he/she operates within the law of the land at all times; the practitioner must endeavour to operate within the parameters imposed by the relevant professional associationââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ Code of Practice; must adhere to local standards and policies (e.g. those set by a particular Trust); and must operate (as far as possible, given the previous strictures) within his/her own personal set of ethics and principles. Consent As with any other assessment or intervention, the client or service-user must give his or her consent. People with learning disabilities encompass a broad range of abilities. Some will understand the implications of assessments and interventions and will be able to give their consent, whilst others are unable to do so. The latter group may have guardians to provide consent on their behalf. But most lay people tend to accept without much questioning that ââ¬Å"the professionals know best.â⬠. It is the Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-26667754939261607652019-11-13T21:14:00.001-08:002019-11-13T21:14:03.282-08:00Behavioral Genetics Essay examples -- Psychology Is behavior learned? It is inborn? What of aggression, intelligence, and madness? There is a crucial relationship between the behavior of humans toward their own kind and the view of life they hold. Interest in behavioral genetics depends on wanting to know why people differ. According to Jack R. Vale, in Genes, Environment, and Behavior, recognition of the importance of hereditary influence on behavior represents one of the most dramatic changes in the social and behavioral sciences during the past two decades. A shift began toward the more balanced contemporary view that recognizes genetic as well as environmental influences on behavior. Behavioral genetics lies in its theory and methods, which consider both genetic and environmental sources of behavioral differences among individuals. Behavioral genetics is simply the intersection between genetics and the behavioral sciences. Behavior is a phenotype that is, an observable characteristic we can measure. On the other hand, behavior is not just another phenotype. According to Robert Plomin in Behavioral Genetics, ââ¬Å"Because behavior involves the action of the whole organism rather than the action of a single molecule, a single cell, or a single organ, behavior is the most complex phenomenon that can be studied genetically. Unlike some physical characteristics, behavior is dynamic, changing in response to the environment indeed, behavior is at the cutting edge of evolution text, because its focus is on the complexity of behavioral phenotypesâ⬠(2). Obviously, there can be no behavior without both an organism and an environment. For a particular behavior, what causes differences among individuals? For example, what causes individual differences in c... ...al; Human Studies. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970. Print. Eaves, Lindon J., Judy L. Silberg, Joanne M. Meyer, Hermine H. Maes, Emily Simonoff, Andrew Pickles, Michael Rutter, Chandra A. Reynolds, Andrew C. Heath, Kimberly R. Truett, Michael C. Neale, Marilyn T. Erikson, Rolf Loeber, and John K. Hewitt. "Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology: 2. The Main Effects of Genes and Environment on Behavioral Problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38.8 (1997): 965-80. Print. Plomin, Robert, J. C. DeFries, and G. E. McClearn. Behavioral Genetics: a Primer. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1990. Print. Rothstein, Carson. Behavioral Genetics. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1999. Print. Vale, Jack R. Genes, Environment, and Behavior: an Interactionist Approach. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. Print. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3352878437589751445.post-81491291641119187622019-11-11T09:45:00.001-08:002019-11-11T09:45:09.057-08:00Mind and Body, Dualism vs Neuroscience EssayThe idea of the human beings having a soul, spirit or mind has long been used; although religions started using it four thousand years ago for different reasons, some people that simply had a thirst for knowledge started seeking a true answer to this question not that long ago. Indeed, this question has seriously been thought about and logically questioned in the last 400 years starting with Descartes who thought that human beings do have an immaterial mind (mind and body dualism). However, in the face of recent discoveries in neuroscience, it is not possible to maintain the theory of mind and body dualism as neuroscience has proved the brain to be the seat of mental faculties that are believed by dualist to come from the mind. First of all let us talk about mind body dualism in order to fully understand why it is now an obsolete theory. Dualists believe that the mind is non-physical and is separate from the brain which is physical. Moreover, they see the brain to be simply the location of where the mind operates (where the mind interacts with the physical world). Also, the body itself (brain included) is thought to have a different nature than that of the mind as one is physical and the other isnââ¬â¢t. On the other hand, we have physicalism. Physicalists think that everything that exists is physical and therefor what we call the mind does not exist as it is not physical. Descartesââ¬â¢ arguments for his mind and body dualism theory are however convincing if we ignore todayââ¬â¢s recent discoveries and concentrate on philosophical reasoning; his first argument is that you can doubt everything in the material world but you cannot doubt that you are a thinking thing and exist. Let me explain this further: one of Descartesââ¬â¢ experiments was called Meditations. In his meditations he started assuming (for the purpose of his experiment and not in reality) that there was an evil genius that would deceive him on everything he though was true. Therefor everything he wasnââ¬â¢t absolutely sure was true had to be considered as untrue because he did not want to build up logic or reasoning on a weak foundation. In this way of thinking, he managed to doubt that the world, his hands, his body, and everything in the physical world was not true (because he would consider that the evil genius could make him think that he actually saw things that didnââ¬â¢t really exist). However, one thing could not be doubt, at this precise moment and since his birth, Descartes was thinkingâ⬠¦ This simple truth could not be doubted; he had a mind and was using it to think. Descartesââ¬â¢ concluded that because one could be doubt and the other not, mind and body were of different nature. One of his more simple arguments, which is called the divisibility argument, is that as physical things such as bones, flesh, brain tissues and etc. occupy space in the physical world; thought-like things such as emotions, thoughts and the mind as a whole do not, and therefore are not physical. Moreover, Descartes has another argument called the conceivability argument which states that a human being can exists as a thinking things without his extended (physical) body existing (a mind or soul without a body) and that everything that can be conceived is logically possible. Therefor if it is logically possible that X exist without Y, then X is not identical with Y. Now that a background of information on mind and body dualism has been set, let us see why and how recent discoveries in neuroscience make it impossible to maintain dualism as a theory. The way I see things, neuroscience has provided evidences that we do not need to suppose the existence of an immaterial mind to explain life and behavior of human beings and also has proven that a lot of the mental faculties dualist attributed to the mind are in fact attributed to the brain. Contemporary neuroscience has greatly improved our understanding of the brainââ¬â¢s functioning; new imaging techniques enables scientists visualize the human brain in action and produces images that define the brain regions responsible for attention, memory, and emotion. The latter is the one of most interest in the present debate as emotions are believed to come from the mind. Emotional responses have been proved to be centralized in the limbic system. In this system we may find the amygdala and the hippocampus which are the primary areas managing emotions. Then there is the element of decision making. Any dualist would attribute the element of decision making or free will to the mind, however neuroimaging allows us to detect some decisions up to 10 seconds before the actual decision is taken by the individual with monitoring of brain activity (CAT, MRI or PET scans for example). This questions dualism because as dualists consider the mind to be immaterial, a good question is raised: how can the mind (immaterial) which supposedly makes the decision, be observed and predicted with material tools? Furthermore, a property of mind according to dualists is ââ¬Å"behaviourâ⬠. Research studying victims of brain damage have found correlation between lost faculties or behavioural abnormalities and changes and localized damage in the brain. Phineas Gage is often the best example for this argument. Gage survived an iron rod that destroyed part of his left frontal lobe but suffered from severe personality change. It is noteworthy to specify that the personality change was big enough that his friend would no longer see him as Phineas Gage but as someone else. Even though Descartesââ¬â¢ philosophical reasoning is worth considering, contemporary neuroscience shows on different levels that what is believed to be an immaterial mind is actually the physical brain. Following Descartesââ¬â¢ own logic, it is necessary to consider all doubtful knowledge as false and start building from information that are certain ââ¬Å"in order to establish anything firm and lasting in sciencesâ⬠(Descartes, Meditation I). This being said, contemporary neuroscience is based on experimental proofs while dualism is based on theoretical thinking. However, neuroscience has not convinced everyone, where do you stand? Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12727996976920671530noreply@blogger.com0